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Cet article analyse l’évolution de la participation des femmes aux structures dirigeantes des associations. Les femmes apparaissent largement en retrait des fonctions de président d’association et leur accession aux postes de dirigeants s’effectue principalement à partir des associations créées récemment et dans des types d’associations orientées vers des populations fragiles ou vulnérables. L’article montre que l’on peut imputer leur plus forte présence essentiellement aux évolutions sociétales en cours depuis les années 70 : activité croissante des femmes, hausse de leur qualification, démocratisation de la société et de la vie associative, ouverture plus grande des associations récentes aux plus jeunes et à des catégories sociales plus variées. This article examines the evolution of the participation of women in the governing bodies of nonprofit organizations. There appear to be very few women CEOs in nonprofit organizations, and women who have reached executive positions have mainly done so in recently created nonprofit organizations and those concerned with people at risk and vulnerable social groups. The article shows that the increase is essentially due to societal changes since the 1970s: growing female participation in the workforce, their higher level of education, democratization of society and nonprofit organizations, and recent nonprofit organizations more open to younger people and a broader cross-section of the population.

Let k be a base field, K be a field containing k and L/K be a field extension of degree n. The essential dimension ed(L/K) over k is a numerical invariant measuring "the complexity" of L/K. Of particular interest is $\tau$(n) = max { ed(L/K) | L/K is a separable extension of degree n}, also known as the essential dimension of the symmetric group $S_n$. The exact value of $\tau$(n) is known only for n $\leq$ 7. In this paper we assume that k is a field of characteristic p > 0 and study the essential dimension of inseparable extensions L/K. Here the degree n = [L:K] is replaced by a pair (n, e) which accounts for the size of the separable and the purely inseparable parts of L/K respectively, and \tau(n) is replaced by $\tau$(n, e) = max { ed(L/K) | L/K is a field extension of type (n, e)}. The symmetric group $S_n$ is replaced by a certain group scheme $G_{n,e}$ over k. This group is neither finite nor smooth; nevertheless, computing its essential dimension turns out to be easier than computing the essential dimension of $S_n$. Our main result is a simple formula for \tau(n, e). Comment: 18 pages

Series: Proceedings of SPIE; no. 6078

Dam building and reservoir operations alter the downstream hydrological regime, and as a result, affect the health of the river aquatic ecosystem, particularly for large-scale cascade reservoirs. This study investigated the impact of the Gezhouba Reservoir (GR) and the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) on the spawning conditions of two critical taxa, i.e., the endemic four major carps and the endangered Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River. We analyzed the flow, sediment, and thermal regime in these two taxa spawning seasons and compared their features between the predam and postdam periods. Our results revealed that the GR and the TGR had altered the frequency distributions of flow, sediment, and water temperature to different degrees, with the impact by the GR on the carps and Chinese sturgeon ranked as water temperature > water temperature. For the GR, the satisfying degree of the suitable flow and water temperature of the carps increased, whilst the suitable flow, sediment, and water temperature for the Chinese sturgeon decreased. These changes in TGR showed a significant ascending (descending) trend in the suitable flow (water temperature) for the carps, and a clear decreasing trend in the flow, sediment, and temperature for Chinese sturgeon. Both the TGR and the GR had negative impacts on the spawning of these two taxa in terms of the rising/falling flow characteristics. flow, and the effect of the TGR on these two taxa were ordered as flow > water temperature, sediment > water temperature > flow, sediment > flow >

Chronic limb ischemia, a complication commonly observed in conjunction with cardiovascular disease, is characterized by insufficient neovascularization despite the up-regulation of pro-angiogenic mediators. One hypothesis is that ischemia induces inhibitory signals that circumvent the normal capillary growth response. FoxO transcription factors exert anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on many cell types. We studied the regulation of FoxO1 protein in ischemic rat skeletal muscle following iliac artery ligation and in cultured endothelial cells. We found that FoxO1 expression was increased in capillaries within ischemic muscles compared with those from rats that underwent a sham operation. This finding correlated with increased expression of p27(Kip1) and reduced expression of Cyclin D1. Phosphorylated Akt was reduced concurrently with the increase in FoxO1 protein. In skeletal muscle endothelial cells, nutrient stress as well as lack of shear stress stabilized FoxO1 protein, whereas shear stress induced FoxO1 degradation. Endogenous FoxO1 co-precipitated with the E3 ubiquitin ligase murine double minute-2 (Mdm2) in endothelial cells, and this interaction varied in direct relation to the extent of Akt and Mdm2 phosphorylation. Moreover, ischemic muscles had a decreased level of Mdm2 phosphorylation and a reduced interaction between Mdm2 and FoxO1. Our results provide novel evidence that the Akt-Mdm2 pathway acts to regulate endothelial cell FoxO1 expression and illustrate a potential mechanism underlying the pathophysiological up-regulation of FoxO1 under ischemic conditions.