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Evaluation of high achievement forms part of an evaluation continuum operating throughout the scientific enterprise. Correct evaluation of individuals and their work means that the best work is published and the most able individuals obtain researchgrants and awards. It is important that evaluations be carried out fairly and objectively. This paper reviews evaluations of the roles of Ehrlich, Jerne, Talmage, and Burnet in the conception and development of the clonal selection theory. These evaluations show varying degrees of bias; in particular, the major role of Ehrlich tends to be overlooked. The objective record shows that Talmage first conceived clonal selection. The proclivity of evaluation in science toward error suggests that our evaluation processes should be redesigned to take this into account.

Endurance exercise leads to rapid transcriptional- and translational-mediated remodeling in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) in the molecular regulation of myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis in the first 6h after endurance exercise. Female C57BL/6 mice performed one-hour of treadmill running after administration of rapamycin or vehicle. A flooding dose of L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine was administered via IP injection and blood and gastrocnemius muscle collected 0.5, 3 and 6h post exercise and in a separate, non-exercising control group (n=4/time). Skeletal muscle was analyzed for phenylalanine incorporation into the myofibrillar and mitochondrial pools via GC-C-IRMS. Myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate (FSR) increased rapidly in the vehicle group post-exercise and remained elevated at all post-exercise times. Rapamycin had no effect on basal FSR, but attenuated the rise in myofibrillar protein FSR at 0.5 a...

Vitamin C, an essential micronutrient and a critical cofactor for several intracellular enzymatic reactions, is actively transported across epithelial barriers through the sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transporter 1 (SLC23A1). The SLC23A1 gene encodes SLC23A1 transporter and is located on human chromosome 5q31.2 (138702885-138719039 compl.; NC_000005.9). Previously, the SLC23A1 transcript has been described as containing 15 exons, stretching over 16 kilobases; however, no alternative splice variant has been described yet. Variations in SLC23A1 gene would impact vitamin C dietary requirements and/or susceptibility to common complex diseases. We have, therefore, evaluated the existence of additional SLC23A1 transcripts in silico and examined the function of new transcript through Xenopus laevis oocytes injection. Here, we characterized a novel alternative first exon encoding a SLC23A1 isoform which is exclusive to human and is expressed in the small intestine. The novel SLC23A1 protein isoform adds 36 N-te...