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Average vessel radius atlas (in mm)

Fold change (FC ≤ 1.5) list and GO enrichment analysis of probes affected by IHNV status.

Assemblies of vertically connected neurons in the cerebral cortex form information processing units (columns) that participate in the distribution and segregation of sensory signals. Despite well-accepted models of columnar architecture, functional mechanisms of inter-laminar communication remain poorly understood. Hence, the purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effects of sensory information features on columnar response properties. Using acute recording techniques, extracellular response activity was collected from the right hemisphere of eight mature cats (felis catus). Recordings were conducted with multichannel electrodes that permitted the simultaneous acquisition of neuronal activity within primary auditory cortex columns. Neuronal responses to simple (pure tones), complex (noise burst and frequency modulated sweeps), and ecologically relevant (con-specific vocalizations) acoustic signals were measured. Collectively, the present investigation demonstrates that despite consistencies in neuronal tuning (characteristic frequency), irregularities in discharge activity between neurons of individual A1 columns increase as a function of spectral (signal complexity) and temporal (duration) acoustic variations. Multi-unit responses to acoustic signals within A1 columnsThe data set consists of eight multi-unit electrophysiology experiments located within a single .zip file. Acoustic feature (signal type and duration) are in subfolders where data rasters for each recording session conducted can be found. Columns represent time and rows trial number. Data is presented as Matlab files.DRYAD.zip

The dataset includes preprocessed and scored event-related potential (ERP) data on which we tested our hypotheses. The hypotheses and associated analytical techniques are described in the manuscript, and the README file attached provides a brief description of the variables in the dataset.

Entrainment of neural oscillations on multiple time scales is important for the perception of speech. Musical rhythms, and in particular the perception of a regular beat in musical rhythms, is also likely to rely on entrainment of neural oscillations. One recently proposed approach to studying beat perception in the context of neural entrainment and resonance (the “frequency-tagging” approach) has received an enthusiastic response from the scientific community. A specific version of the approach involves comparing frequency-domain representations of acoustic rhythm stimuli to the frequency-domain representations of neural responses to those rhythms (measured by electroencephalography, EEG). The relative amplitudes at specific EEG frequencies are compared to the relative amplitudes at the same stimulus frequencies, and enhancements at beat-related frequencies in the EEG signal are interpreted as reflecting an internal representation of the beat. Here, we show that frequency-domain representations of rhythms are sensitive to the acoustic features of the tones making up the rhythms (tone duration, onset/offset ramp duration); in fact, relative amplitudes at beat-related frequencies can be completely reversed by manipulating tone acoustics. Crucially, we show that changes to these acoustic tone features, and in turn changes to the frequency-domain representations of rhythms, do not affect beat perception. Instead, beat perception depends on the pattern of onsets (i.e., whether a rhythm has a simple or complex metrical structure). Moreover, we show that beat perception can differ for rhythms that have numerically identical frequency-domain representations. Thus, frequency-domain representations of rhythms are dissociable from beat perception. For this reason, we suggest caution in interpreting direct comparisons of rhythms and brain signals in the frequency domain. Instead, we suggest that combining EEG measurements of neural signals with creative behavioral paradigms is of more benefit to our understanding of beat perception. single participant behavioral data files.mat files for single participants. README.txt file in each zipped folder describes columnsdryad_data.zip

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures. Related Article: Milan Bergeron-Brlek, Jake Goodwin-Tindall, Nevena Cekic, Christian Roth, Wesley F. Zandberg, Xiaoyang Shan, Vimal Varghese, Sherry Chan, Gideon J. Davies, David J. Vocadlo, Robert Britton|2015|Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.|54|15429|doi:10.1002/anie.201507985

Juveniles of the cooperatively-breeding cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher either consistently provide help in form of alloparental egg care ('cleaners') or consistently abstain from helping ('non-cleaners'). These phenotypes are not based on heritable genetic differences. Instead they arise during ontogeny, which should lead to differences in brain structure or physiology, a currently untested prediction. We compared brain gene expression profiles of cleaners and non-cleaners in two experimental conditions, a helping opportunity and a control condition. We aimed to identify (i) expression differences between cleaners and non-cleaners in the control, (ii) changes in gene expression induced by the opportunity, and (iii) differences in plasticity of gene expression between cleaners and non-cleaners. Control cleaners and non-cleaners differed in the expression of a single gene, irx2, which regulates neural differentiation. During the opportunity, cleaners and non-cleaners had three up-regulated genes in common, which were implicated in neuroplasticity, hormonal signalling, and cell proliferation. Thus, the stimulus in the opportunity was sufficiently salient. Cleaners also showed higher expression of seven additional genes that were unique to the opportunity. One of these cleaner-specific genes is implicated in neuropeptide metabolism, indicating that this process is associated with cleaning performance. This suggests that the two types employed different pathways to integrate social information, preparing them for accelerated reaction to future opportunities. Interestingly, three developmental genes were down-regulated between the control and the opportunity in cleaners only. Our results indicate that the two behavioural types responded differently to the helping opportunity, and that only cleaners responded by down-regulating developmental genes. Read count matrix and treatment information on individualsRead count matrix from RNA-seq experiment of two distinct helper types in the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher. 48 individuals in a 2x2 full-factorial design of cleaners and non-cleaners in control and opportunity. 38,2425 genes expressed in the telencephalon 45 min after the onset of the cooperation opportunity.data_Kasper_cichlid_helping_transcriptome.xlsx

Symmetries are present at many scales in natural scenes. Humans and other animals are highly sensitive to visual symmetry, and symmetry contributes to numerous domains of visual perception. The four fundamental symmetries, reflection, rotation, translation and glide reflection, can be combined into exactly 17 distinct regular textures. These wallpaper groups represent the complete set of symmetries in two-dimensional images. The current study seeks to provide a more comprehensive description of responses to symmetry in the human visual system, by collecting both brain imaging (steady-state visual evoked potentials measured using high-density EEG) and behavioural (symmetry detection thresholds) data using the entire set of wallpaper groups. This allows us to probe the hierarchy of complexity among wallpaper groups, in which simpler groups are subgroups of more complex ones. We find that both behaviour and brain activity preserve the hierarchy almost perfectly: Subgroups consistently produce lower amplitude symmetry-specific responses in the visual cortex and require longer presentation durations to be reliably detected. These findings expand our understanding of symmetry perception by showing that the human brain encodes symmetries with a high level of precision and detail. This opens new avenues for research on how fine-grained representations of regular textures contribute to natural vision.

Continuous beam-steering of the neural probe optical emission in a fluorescein solution. The video shows top-down fluorescence imaging of the beam profiles of one of the optical phased arrays on the neural probe as the input wavelength was tuned from about 485 to 489 nm. The video is real-time and was captured using the measurement method in Fig. 2.