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Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

There is currently conflict in the literature on the taxonomic status of the reportedly cosmopolitan species Neosiphonia harveyi, a common red alga along the coast of Atlantic Canada and New England, USA. Neosiphonia harveyi sensu lato was assessed using three molecular markers: COI-5P, ITS and rbcL. All three markers clearly delimited three genetic species groups within N. harveyi sensu lato in this region, which we identified as N. harveyi, N. japonica and Polysiphonia akkeshiensis (here resurrected from synonymy with N. japonica). Although Neosiphonia harveyi is considered by some authors to be introduced to the Atlantic from the western Pacific, it was only confirmed from the North Atlantic suggesting it is native to this area. In contrast, Neosiphonia japonica was collected from only two sites in Rhode Island, USA, as well as from its reported native range in Asia (South Korea), which when combined with data in GenBank indicates that this species was introduced to the Northwest Atlantic. The GenBank data further indicate that N. japonica was also introduced to North Carolina, Spain, Australia and New Zealand. Despite the fact that all three markers clearly delimited N. harveyi and N. japonica as distinct genetic species groups, the ITS sequences for some N. harveyi individuals displayed mixed patterns and additivity indicating introgression of nuclear DNA from N. japonica into N. harveyi in the Northwest Atlantic. Introgression of DNA from an introduced species to a native species (i.e. “genetic pollution”) is one of the possible consequences of species introductions, and we believe this is the first documented evidence for this phenomenon in red algae. ITS sequence alignmentAn alignment of ITS sequences that were used to create a neighbor-joining tree for Figure 1COI-5P sequence alignmentAn alignment of COI-5P sequences that were used to create a neighbor-joining tree for Figure 1rbcL sequence alignmentAn alignment of rbcL sequences that were used to create a neighbor-joining tree for Figure 3Figure 3 rbcL treeA neighbor-joining tree generated from rbcL sequence dataFigure 1 COI-5P treeA neighbor-joining tree generated from COI-5P sequence dataFigure 1 ITS treeA neighbor-joining tree generated from ITS sequence data

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

The physiological mechanisms underlying local adaptation in natural populations of animals, and whether the same mechanisms contribute to adaptation and acclimation, are largely unknown. Therefore, we tested for evolutionary divergence in aerobic exercise physiology in laboratory bred, size-matched crosses of ancestral, benthic, normal Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and derived, limnetic, more actively-swimming ‘dwarf’ ecotypes. We acclimated fish to constant swimming (emulating limnetic foraging) and control conditions (emulating normal activity levels) to simultaneously study phenotypic plasticity. We found extensive divergence between ecotypes: dwarf fish generally had constitutively higher values of traits related to oxygen transport (ventricle size) and use by skeletal muscle (percent oxidative muscle, mitochondrial content), and also evolved differential plasticity of mitochondrial function (Complex I activity and flux through Complexes I-IV and IV). The effects of swim-training were less pronounced than differences among ecotypes and the traits which had a significant training effect (ventricle protein content, ventricle MDH activity and muscle Complex V activity) did not differ among ecotypes. Only one trait, ventricle mass, varied in a similar manner with acclimation and adaptation and followed a pattern consistent with genetic accommodation. Overall, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying acclimation and adaptation to swimming activity in Lake Whitefish generally differ. R code for nested, two-way ANOVAsR code for nested, two-way ANOVAs (example for Fig. 1A)Figs1-6_MixedEffectsModel_Code.RR_Code_for_DFAR_Code_for_DFA (Fig. 7)Fig7_DFA_Code.RFig1A_HematocritData for Figure 1AFig1B_VentricleMassData for Figure 1BFig2_HeartEnzymesData for Figure 2Fig3A_PercentRMData for Figure 3AFig3C,E_CapillaryDensityData for Figure 3C,EFig4_MuscleEnzymesData for Figure 4Fig5_MitoRespirationData for Figure 5Fig6_ETCenzymesData for Figure 6Fig7_DF(tank_means)Data for Figure 7 - tank means for all significant variables