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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Keith A. Hobson; D. Ryan Norris; Gordon Goldsborough; Spencer G. Sealy;

    Nestled on the southern shore of Lake Manitoba about 100 km northwest of Winnipeg (Fig. 1, 2), the University of Manitoba’s Delta Marsh Field Station (DMFS) had withstood many tribulations since its creation by Dr. Jennifer M. Shay OC in 1966. Many a financial and natural storm had done battle with its relatively small group of academics, staff, students, and friends who created it and supported a vision worthy of its potential over the years. And so, to some degree, when the flood waters lapped at its foundation in the spring and summer of 2011, many of us believed it would similarly endure and emerge once again as it always had. After all, it had apparently only just made it through its greatest battle ever with University of Manitoba administrators who had launched a major effort to close its doors. That initiative was justified by a corporate “bottom-line” argument but was also motivated by ignorance of both the role this station has played in the education of field biologists and ornithologists in general in Canada, its environmental and conservation significance, and of its future potential. Alas, the massive floodwaters brought to its doorstep by the man-made Assiniboine River Diversion proved to be a final justification to bulldoze it to the ground and to end a final chapter in what was an ornithological jewel of national and international significance. Instead of repairing and rebuilding this facility in tribute to its long service and to plan a safer future, it became one more casualty of fiscal restraint and deficit reduction, a victim of an uncaring and disinterested community. The Mission Statement of this field station was “to foster excellence in research and teaching, extend University resources into the community, and promote sound and sensitive environmental stewardship practices.” At precisely the time when such values are needed most, we have instead witnessed a draconian and opportunistic end to a proud 44-year record. We cannot do justice here to the many contributions made to Canadian ornithology by researchers working out of this station. Instead, and for the record, we list the ornithologically related theses and publications that were generated here (Appendix 1, 2) and reflect on other contributions including the 18-year history of the Delta Marsh Bird Observatory that was hosted at the DMFS. This list is a minimum since there are currently papers in review which we have not included here. We acknowledge also the contributions to other, nonornithological research and teaching and reflect more broadly on the status and fate of similar facilities elsewhere in Canada and North America.

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    Avian Conservation and Ecology
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    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    Article . 2012
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Avian Conservation a...arrow_drop_down
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      Avian Conservation and Ecology
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      License: CC BY
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      DOAJ
      Article . 2012
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rebecca M. Flueckiger; Paul Courtright; Mariamo Abdala; Amza Abdou; +71 Authors

    Background Trichiasis is present when one or more eyelashes touches the eye. Uncorrected, it can cause blindness. Accurate estimates of numbers affected, and their geographical distribution, help guide resource allocation. Methods We obtained district-level trichiasis prevalence estimates in adults for 44 endemic and previously-endemic countries. We used (1) the most recent data for a district, if more than one estimate was available; (2) age- and sex-standardized corrections of historic estimates, where raw data were available; (3) historic estimates adjusted using a mean adjustment factor for districts where raw data were unavailable; and (4) expert assessment of available data for districts for which no prevalence estimates were available. Findings Internally age- and sex-standardized data represented 1,355 districts and contributed 662 thousand cases (95% confidence interval [CI] 324 thousand–1.1 million) to the global total. Age- and sex-standardized district-level prevalence estimates differed from raw estimates by a mean factor of 0.45 (range 0.03–2.28). Previously non- stratified estimates for 398 districts, adjusted by ×0.45, contributed a further 411 thousand cases (95% CI 283–557 thousand). Eight countries retained previous estimates, contributing 848 thousand cases (95% CI 225 thousand-1.7 million). New expert assessments in 14 countries contributed 862 thousand cases (95% CI 228 thousand–1.7 million). The global trichiasis burden in 2016 was 2.8 million cases (95% CI 1.1–5.2 million). Interpretation The 2016 estimate is lower than previous estimates, probably due to more and better data; scale-up of trichiasis management services; and reductions in incidence due to lower active trachoma prevalence. Author summary As an individual with trichiasis blinks, the eyelashes abrade the cornea, which can lead to corneal opacity and blindness. Through high quality surgery, which involves altering the position of the eyelid margin, it is possible to reduce the number of people with trichiasis. Accurate estimates of the number of persons with trichiasis and their geographical distribution are needed in order to effectively align resources for surgery and other necessary services. We obtained district-level trichiasis prevalence estimates for 44 endemic and previously-endemic countries. We used the most recently available data and expert assessments to estimate the global burden of trichiasis. We estimated that in 2016 the global burden was 2.8 million cases (95% CI 1.1–5.2 million). The 2016 estimate is lower than previous estimates, probably due to more and better data; scale-up of trichiasis management services; and reductions in incidence due to lower active trachoma prevalence.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: PubMed Central
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    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Article . 2019
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      PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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      PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Aleksejevs, A.; Wu, S.; Barkanova, S.; Bystritskiy, Y.; +1 Authors

    The article outlines the recent developments in the theoretical and computational approaches to the higher-order electroweak effects needed for the accurate interpretation of MOLLER and Belle II experimental data, and shows how new-physics particles enter at the one-loop level. By analyzing the effects of $Z'$-boson on the polarization asymmetry, we show how this hypothetical interaction carrier may influence the future experimental results. Comment: ACAT 2016

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    Journal of Physics : Conference Series
    Article . 2016
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2016
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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      Journal of Physics : Conference Series
      Article . 2016
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Koenigstorfer, Joerg; Bocarro, Jason N.; Byers, Terri; Edwards, Michael B.; +2 Authors

    Findings from empirical studies on the legacy of hosting a mega sporting event are inconclusive. This paper considers empirical studies published in English language peer-reviewed journals between ...

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    Leisure Studies
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Sygma; Crossref
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      Leisure Studies
      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Vyacheslav G. Storchak; J. H. Brewer; Dmitry G. Eshchenko; P. W. Mengyan; +4 Authors

    The origin of a pseudogap in the underdoped phase of cuprates has become one of the leading issues in understanding the mechanism(s) of high-Tc superconductivity. Several experiments (i.e. polarized neutron diffraction studies) support theoretical models based on the circulating current (CC) picture. These CC models suggest a novel ordered phase formed by orbital magnetic moments caused by spontaneous orbital currents. However to date, μSR experiments in cuprate superconductors have not revealed any magnetic field higher than 0.2 G associated with orbital moments. Here we present high magnetic field μSR spectroscopy of a stoichiometric La2CuO4 crystal which shows antiferromagnetic splittings and additional 45 G line splittings, consistent with orbital currents.

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    Journal of Physics : Conference Series
    Article . 2014
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      Journal of Physics : Conference Series
      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Arzu BAYKARA TAŞKAYA;

    Chios is an island of Greece in the Aegean Sea. The island, which is connected to the North Aegean region of the country, is separated from Turkey by the Strait of Chios. It is famous for mastic trees and mastic gum obtained from these trees. Shortly before the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, the island, which joined the Eyalet of the Archipelago (Eyālet-i Cezāyir-i Baḥr-i Sefīd in Ottoman Turkish) in the Ottoman Empire, was conquered by Kapudan Pasha Piyale Pasha in 1566. Due to the mountainous nature of Chios, a small part of its land is suitable for agriculture. A very small part of the population that made up the island was Muslim. Throughout history, the most important products of the island were mastic, citrus, lemon and orange, almond, pomegranate, olive trees. Citrus products such as fresh lemons, lemon juice, citrus and citron, which constitute the island's most important source of income, were sent to Istanbul to the palace halvahane (Ottoman hist. a section of a sultanic kitchen where desserts and candies were made) under the name "Miri Mübayaa". The material cost of these purchased products was also covered from the mukataa of the island. The problems encountered in the years when products could not be obtained from these trees were also reflected in the documents. In the state yearbooks (salname), a disease called "Kermez " was mentioned, which we cannot get any information about exactly. In the orchards created by two sample farms, it was tried for three years to fight the diseases. This study was conducted by a businesslike science officer. Agriculturalists who became quite skilled in this business were also sent to treat citrus diseases that occurred in other provinces. Olive and the oil obtained from it was one of the pure products of the island. However, the tithe (öşür) tax obtained from olive cultivation, which is available enough to meet the needs of the island, was collected through mukataas and this income was used for the needs of the state, especially the treasury. The main sources of our article are the documents, the state yearbooks, reports and of course travel books in the Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the State Archives. All kinds of information reflected in the archive about fruit production in Chios and these products, diseases infesting trees, export of fruits, all documents in the archive about trees are explained in detail.

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    Authors: Xin Yang; Goska Leslie; Alicja Doroszuk; Sandra Schneider; +115 Authors

    PURPOSE To estimate age-specific relative and absolute cancer risks of breast cancer and to estimate risks of ovarian, pancreatic, male breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers associated with germline PALB2 pathogenic variants (PVs) because these risks have not been extensively characterized. METHODS We analyzed data from 524 families with PALB2 PVs from 21 countries. Complex segregation analysis was used to estimate relative risks (RRs; relative to country-specific population incidences) and absolute risks of cancers. The models allowed for residual familial aggregation of breast and ovarian cancer and were adjusted for the family-specific ascertainment schemes. RESULTS We found associations between PALB2 PVs and risk of female breast cancer (RR, 7.18; 95% CI, 5.82 to 8.85; P = 6.5 × 10−76), ovarian cancer (RR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.40 to 6.04; P = 4.1 × 10−3), pancreatic cancer (RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.24 to 4.50; P = 8.7 × 10−3), and male breast cancer (RR, 7.34; 95% CI, 1.28 to 42.18; P = 2.6 × 10−2). There was no evidence for increased risks of prostate or colorectal cancer. The breast cancer RRs declined with age ( P for trend = 2.0 × 10−3). After adjusting for family ascertainment, breast cancer risk estimates on the basis of multiple case families were similar to the estimates from families ascertained through population-based studies ( P for difference = .41). On the basis of the combined data, the estimated risks to age 80 years were 53% (95% CI, 44% to 63%) for female breast cancer, 5% (95% CI, 2% to 10%) for ovarian cancer, 2%-3% (95% CI females, 1% to 4%; 95% CI males, 2% to 5%) for pancreatic cancer, and 1% (95% CI, 0.2% to 5%) for male breast cancer. CONCLUSION These results confirm PALB2 as a major breast cancer susceptibility gene and establish substantial associations between germline PALB2 PVs and ovarian, pancreatic, and male breast cancers. These findings will facilitate incorporation of PALB2 into risk prediction models and optimize the clinical cancer risk management of PALB2 PV carriers.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Journal of Clinical Oncology
    Article . 2020
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2019
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      Journal of Clinical Oncology
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Caulton, Adam; Butterfield, Jeremy;

    Using the Hilbert-Bernays account as a spring-board, we first define four ways in which two objects can be discerned from one another, using the non-logical vocabulary of the language concerned. (These definitions are based on definitions made by Quine and Saunders.) Because of our use of the Hilbert-Bernays account, these definitions are in terms of the syntax of the language. But we also relate our definitions to the idea of permutations on the domain of quantification, and their being symmetries. These relations turn out to be subtle---some natural conjectures about them are false. We will see in particular that the idea of symmetry meshes with a species of indiscernibility that we will call `absolute indiscernibility'. We then report all the logical implications between our four kinds of discernibility. We use these four kinds as a resource for stating four metaphysical theses about identity. Three of these theses articulate two traditional philosophical themes: viz. the principle of the identity of indiscernibles (which will come in two versions), and haecceitism. The fourth is recent. Its most notable feature is that it makes diversity (i.e. non-identity) weaker than what we will call individuality (being an individual): two objects can be distinct but not individuals. For this reason, it has been advocated both for quantum particles and for spacetime points. Finally, we locate this fourth metaphysical thesis in a broader position, which we call structuralism. We conclude with a discussion of the semantics suitable for a structuralist, with particular reference to physical theories as well as elementary model theory. 55 pages, 21 figures. Forthcoming, after an Appendectomy, in the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2011
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2011
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    Authors: Rachelle, Lee-Krueger;
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    Academic Medicine
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    Academic Medicine
    Article . 2019
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      Article . 2019
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    Authors: James Alexander Campbell; Michael J. Ryan; Claudia J. Schroder-Adams; Robert B. Holmes; +1 Authors

    The Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) has a diverse assemblage of chasmosaurines currently represented by Chasmosaurus belli, C. russelli, Vagaceratops irvinensis, and Mercuriceratops gemini, and may also include remains possibly referable to Spiclypeus shipporum. Two skulls, YPM 2016 and AMNH 5402, previously referred to C. belli, both have a straight posterior parietal bar with five epiparietals present (YPM 2016) or inferred (AMNH 5402) on each side – the combination of which is unique to V. irvinensis. Based on our new morphological observations and interpretations of these two skulls, we recover V. irvinensis as a species of Chasmosaurus (C. irvinensis), although the interrelationships between C. irvinensis, C. belli, and C. russelli remain unclear. We refrain from formerly assigning YPM 2016 and AMNH 5402 to C. irvinensis, however, as their parietal fenestrae are significantly larger and their epiparietals are significantly shorter than those of C. irvinensis; instead, we reassign these two skulls to Chasmosaurus sp. Given the low stratigraphic position of YPM 2016 (unknown in AMNH 5402) relative to C. irvinensis, we believe this specimen to represent a basal member of the lineage leading to C. irvinensis. If our assessment is correct, this would indicate that the C. irvinensis lineage has a large degree of stratigraphic overlap with that of C. belli and C. russelli. The close phylogenetic relationship and supposed stratigraphic separation for these three taxa reported in previous studies were used to suggest that they may represent an anagenetic lineage, whereby C. russelli evolved into C. belli, and C. belli evolved into, and was entirely replaced by, the latter. However, the lack of stratigraphic separation between these three taxa indicates that they instead arose via cladogenesis.

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    Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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      Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
      Article . 2019
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13 Research products
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    Authors: Keith A. Hobson; D. Ryan Norris; Gordon Goldsborough; Spencer G. Sealy;

    Nestled on the southern shore of Lake Manitoba about 100 km northwest of Winnipeg (Fig. 1, 2), the University of Manitoba’s Delta Marsh Field Station (DMFS) had withstood many tribulations since its creation by Dr. Jennifer M. Shay OC in 1966. Many a financial and natural storm had done battle with its relatively small group of academics, staff, students, and friends who created it and supported a vision worthy of its potential over the years. And so, to some degree, when the flood waters lapped at its foundation in the spring and summer of 2011, many of us believed it would similarly endure and emerge once again as it always had. After all, it had apparently only just made it through its greatest battle ever with University of Manitoba administrators who had launched a major effort to close its doors. That initiative was justified by a corporate “bottom-line” argument but was also motivated by ignorance of both the role this station has played in the education of field biologists and ornithologists in general in Canada, its environmental and conservation significance, and of its future potential. Alas, the massive floodwaters brought to its doorstep by the man-made Assiniboine River Diversion proved to be a final justification to bulldoze it to the ground and to end a final chapter in what was an ornithological jewel of national and international significance. Instead of repairing and rebuilding this facility in tribute to its long service and to plan a safer future, it became one more casualty of fiscal restraint and deficit reduction, a victim of an uncaring and disinterested community. The Mission Statement of this field station was “to foster excellence in research and teaching, extend University resources into the community, and promote sound and sensitive environmental stewardship practices.” At precisely the time when such values are needed most, we have instead witnessed a draconian and opportunistic end to a proud 44-year record. We cannot do justice here to the many contributions made to Canadian ornithology by researchers working out of this station. Instead, and for the record, we list the ornithologically related theses and publications that were generated here (Appendix 1, 2) and reflect on other contributions including the 18-year history of the Delta Marsh Bird Observatory that was hosted at the DMFS. This list is a minimum since there are currently papers in review which we have not included here. We acknowledge also the contributions to other, nonornithological research and teaching and reflect more broadly on the status and fate of similar facilities elsewhere in Canada and North America.

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    Avian Conservation and Ecology
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    Article . 2012
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      Avian Conservation and Ecology
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    Authors: Rebecca M. Flueckiger; Paul Courtright; Mariamo Abdala; Amza Abdou; +71 Authors

    Background Trichiasis is present when one or more eyelashes touches the eye. Uncorrected, it can cause blindness. Accurate estimates of numbers affected, and their geographical distribution, help guide resource allocation. Methods We obtained district-level trichiasis prevalence estimates in adults for 44 endemic and previously-endemic countries. We used (1) the most recent data for a district, if more than one estimate was available; (2) age- and sex-standardized corrections of historic estimates, where raw data were available; (3) historic estimates adjusted using a mean adjustment factor for districts where raw data were unavailable; and (4) expert assessment of available data for districts for which no prevalence estimates were available. Findings Internally age- and sex-standardized data represented 1,355 districts and contributed 662 thousand cases (95% confidence interval [CI] 324 thousand–1.1 million) to the global total. Age- and sex-standardized district-level prevalence estimates differed from raw estimates by a mean factor of 0.45 (range 0.03–2.28). Previously non- stratified estimates for 398 districts, adjusted by ×0.45, contributed a further 411 thousand cases (95% CI 283–557 thousand). Eight countries retained previous estimates, contributing 848 thousand cases (95% CI 225 thousand-1.7 million). New expert assessments in 14 countries contributed 862 thousand cases (95% CI 228 thousand–1.7 million). The global trichiasis burden in 2016 was 2.8 million cases (95% CI 1.1–5.2 million). Interpretation The 2016 estimate is lower than previous estimates, probably due to more and better data; scale-up of trichiasis management services; and reductions in incidence due to lower active trachoma prevalence. Author summary As an individual with trichiasis blinks, the eyelashes abrade the cornea, which can lead to corneal opacity and blindness. Through high quality surgery, which involves altering the position of the eyelid margin, it is possible to reduce the number of people with trichiasis. Accurate estimates of the number of persons with trichiasis and their geographical distribution are needed in order to effectively align resources for surgery and other necessary services. We obtained district-level trichiasis prevalence estimates for 44 endemic and previously-endemic countries. We used the most recently available data and expert assessments to estimate the global burden of trichiasis. We estimated that in 2016 the global burden was 2.8 million cases (95% CI 1.1–5.2 million). The 2016 estimate is lower than previous estimates, probably due to more and better data; scale-up of trichiasis management services; and reductions in incidence due to lower active trachoma prevalence.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Article . 2019
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    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
    Article . 2019
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    Authors: Aleksejevs, A.; Wu, S.; Barkanova, S.; Bystritskiy, Y.; +1 Authors

    The article outlines the recent developments in the theoretical and computational approaches to the higher-order electroweak effects needed for the accurate interpretation of MOLLER and Belle II experimental data, and shows how new-physics particles enter at the one-loop level. By analyzing the effects of $Z'$-boson on the polarization asymmetry, we show how this hypothetical interaction carrier may influence the future experimental results. Comment: ACAT 2016

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    Journal of Physics : Conference Series
    Article . 2016
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2016
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      Journal of Physics : Conference Series
      Article . 2016
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Koenigstorfer, Joerg; Bocarro, Jason N.; Byers, Terri; Edwards, Michael B.; +2 Authors

    Findings from empirical studies on the legacy of hosting a mega sporting event are inconclusive. This paper considers empirical studies published in English language peer-reviewed journals between ...

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    Leisure Studies
    Article . 2019
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      Leisure Studies
      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Vyacheslav G. Storchak; J. H. Brewer; Dmitry G. Eshchenko; P. W. Mengyan; +4 Authors

    The origin of a pseudogap in the underdoped phase of cuprates has become one of the leading issues in understanding the mechanism(s) of high-Tc superconductivity. Several experiments (i.e. polarized neutron diffraction studies) support theoretical models based on the circulating current (CC) picture. These CC models suggest a novel ordered phase formed by orbital magnetic moments caused by spontaneous orbital currents. However to date, μSR experiments in cuprate superconductors have not revealed any magnetic field higher than 0.2 G associated with orbital moments. Here we present high magnetic field μSR spectroscopy of a stoichiometric La2CuO4 crystal which shows antiferromagnetic splittings and additional 45 G line splittings, consistent with orbital currents.

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    Journal of Physics : Conference Series
    Article . 2014
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    Authors: Arzu BAYKARA TAŞKAYA;

    Chios is an island of Greece in the Aegean Sea. The island, which is connected to the North Aegean region of the country, is separated from Turkey by the Strait of Chios. It is famous for mastic trees and mastic gum obtained from these trees. Shortly before the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, the island, which joined the Eyalet of the Archipelago (Eyālet-i Cezāyir-i Baḥr-i Sefīd in Ottoman Turkish) in the Ottoman Empire, was conquered by Kapudan Pasha Piyale Pasha in 1566. Due to the mountainous nature of Chios, a small part of its land is suitable for agriculture. A very small part of the population that made up the island was Muslim. Throughout history, the most important products of the island were mastic, citrus, lemon and orange, almond, pomegranate, olive trees. Citrus products such as fresh lemons, lemon juice, citrus and citron, which constitute the island's most important source of income, were sent to Istanbul to the palace halvahane (Ottoman hist. a section of a sultanic kitchen where desserts and candies were made) under the name "Miri Mübayaa". The material cost of these purchased products was also covered from the mukataa of the island. The problems encountered in the years when products could not be obtained from these trees were also reflected in the documents. In the state yearbooks (salname), a disease called "Kermez " was mentioned, which we cannot get any information about exactly. In the orchards created by two sample farms, it was tried for three years to fight the diseases. This study was conducted by a businesslike science officer. Agriculturalists who became quite skilled in this business were also sent to treat citrus diseases that occurred in other provinces. Olive and the oil obtained from it was one of the pure products of the island. However, the tithe (öşür) tax obtained from olive cultivation, which is available enough to meet the needs of the island, was collected through mukataas and this income was used for the needs of the state, especially the treasury. The main sources of our article are the documents, the state yearbooks, reports and of course travel books in the Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the State Archives. All kinds of information reflected in the archive about fruit production in Chios and these products, diseases infesting trees, export of fruits, all documents in the archive about trees are explained in detail.

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    Authors: Xin Yang; Goska Leslie; Alicja Doroszuk; Sandra Schneider; +115 Authors

    PURPOSE To estimate age-specific relative and absolute cancer risks of breast cancer and to estimate risks of ovarian, pancreatic, male breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers associated with germline PALB2 pathogenic variants (PVs) because these risks have not been extensively characterized. METHODS We analyzed data from 524 families with PALB2 PVs from 21 countries. Complex segregation analysis was used to estimate relative risks (RRs; relative to country-specific population incidences) and absolute risks of cancers. The models allowed for residual familial aggregation of breast and ovarian cancer and were adjusted for the family-specific ascertainment schemes. RESULTS We found associations between PALB2 PVs and risk of female breast cancer (RR, 7.18; 95% CI, 5.82 to 8.85; P = 6.5 × 10−76), ovarian cancer (RR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.40 to 6.04; P = 4.1 × 10−3), pancreatic cancer (RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.24 to 4.50; P = 8.7 × 10−3), and male breast cancer (RR, 7.34; 95% CI, 1.28 to 42.18; P = 2.6 × 10−2). There was no evidence for increased risks of prostate or colorectal cancer. The breast cancer RRs declined with age ( P for trend = 2.0 × 10−3). After adjusting for family ascertainment, breast cancer risk estimates on the basis of multiple case families were similar to the estimates from families ascertained through population-based studies ( P for difference = .41). On the basis of the combined data, the estimated risks to age 80 years were 53% (95% CI, 44% to 63%) for female breast cancer, 5% (95% CI, 2% to 10%) for ovarian cancer, 2%-3% (95% CI females, 1% to 4%; 95% CI males, 2% to 5%) for pancreatic cancer, and 1% (95% CI, 0.2% to 5%) for male breast cancer. CONCLUSION These results confirm PALB2 as a major breast cancer susceptibility gene and establish substantial associations between germline PALB2 PVs and ovarian, pancreatic, and male breast cancers. These findings will facilitate incorporation of PALB2 into risk prediction models and optimize the clinical cancer risk management of PALB2 PV carriers.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2019
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    Journal of Clinical Oncology
    Article . 2020
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      Journal of Clinical Oncology
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Caulton, Adam; Butterfield, Jeremy;

    Using the Hilbert-Bernays account as a spring-board, we first define four ways in which two objects can be discerned from one another, using the non-logical vocabulary of the language concerned. (These definitions are based on definitions made by Quine and Saunders.) Because of our use of the Hilbert-Bernays account, these definitions are in terms of the syntax of the language. But we also relate our definitions to the idea of permutations on the domain of quantification, and their being symmetries. These relations turn out to be subtle---some natural conjectures about them are false. We will see in particular that the idea of symmetry meshes with a species of indiscernibility that we will call `absolute indiscernibility'. We then report all the logical implications between our four kinds of discernibility. We use these four kinds as a resource for stating four metaphysical theses about identity. Three of these theses articulate two traditional philosophical themes: viz. the principle of the identity of indiscernibles (which will come in two versions), and haecceitism. The fourth is recent. Its most notable feature is that it makes diversity (i.e. non-identity) weaker than what we will call individuality (being an individual): two objects can be distinct but not individuals. For this reason, it has been advocated both for quantum particles and for spacetime points. Finally, we locate this fourth metaphysical thesis in a broader position, which we call structuralism. We conclude with a discussion of the semantics suitable for a structuralist, with particular reference to physical theories as well as elementary model theory. 55 pages, 21 figures. Forthcoming, after an Appendectomy, in the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2011
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2011
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    Authors: Rachelle, Lee-Krueger;
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    Academic Medicine
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    Article . 2019
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    Authors: James Alexander Campbell; Michael J. Ryan; Claudia J. Schroder-Adams; Robert B. Holmes; +1 Authors

    The Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) has a diverse assemblage of chasmosaurines currently represented by Chasmosaurus belli, C. russelli, Vagaceratops irvinensis, and Mercuriceratops gemini, and may also include remains possibly referable to Spiclypeus shipporum. Two skulls, YPM 2016 and AMNH 5402, previously referred to C. belli, both have a straight posterior parietal bar with five epiparietals present (YPM 2016) or inferred (AMNH 5402) on each side – the combination of which is unique to V. irvinensis. Based on our new morphological observations and interpretations of these two skulls, we recover V. irvinensis as a species of Chasmosaurus (C. irvinensis), although the interrelationships between C. irvinensis, C. belli, and C. russelli remain unclear. We refrain from formerly assigning YPM 2016 and AMNH 5402 to C. irvinensis, however, as their parietal fenestrae are significantly larger and their epiparietals are significantly shorter than those of C. irvinensis; instead, we reassign these two skulls to Chasmosaurus sp. Given the low stratigraphic position of YPM 2016 (unknown in AMNH 5402) relative to C. irvinensis, we believe this specimen to represent a basal member of the lineage leading to C. irvinensis. If our assessment is correct, this would indicate that the C. irvinensis lineage has a large degree of stratigraphic overlap with that of C. belli and C. russelli. The close phylogenetic relationship and supposed stratigraphic separation for these three taxa reported in previous studies were used to suggest that they may represent an anagenetic lineage, whereby C. russelli evolved into C. belli, and C. belli evolved into, and was entirely replaced by, the latter. However, the lack of stratigraphic separation between these three taxa indicates that they instead arose via cladogenesis.

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    Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
    Article . 2019
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      Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
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