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In this chapter, we extend the concepts developed in the previous chapters to many-particle systems.

Mass spectrometry (MS) has provided some paradigm-shifting technology to the field of cardiac biology. Recent advances in MS have made protein identification into a high throughput analytic tool and improved accuracy and sensitivity of protein quantitation. Many of the tools available to scientists trying to answer fundamental questions of basic heart function and mechanisms of disease are quite robust and versatile. MS-based cardiac proteomic approaches have developed to such an extent that a researcher can design experiments to answer clear hypotheses, but also studies can also be ‘hypothesis-generating’, ultimately leading to deeper analyses and considerations. Here, we will outline the basic concepts of MS in an effort to explain the potential of this technology in investigating cardiac based research questions. Principles of how current instrumentation functions and how data is acquired will be introduced. Protein quantitation in MS is available in many varieties and applications; this chapter will outline current available technologies in protein quantitation such as isotope-labeled and label-free approaches. With the introductory knowledge of MS and protein quantitation, we will examine some key cardiac proteomics studies and discuss how these principles have been applied to answer specific research questions.

Although finite Blaschke products are a remarkable and exclusive class of functions, they appear in many important approximation problems.

From what has gone before, it should not be surprising that the study of gender is largely absent from the field of international relations theory, long the preserve of what radical feminists would call ‘male-stream’ realist thinkers.1 On the one hand, this lacuna in IR theory should come as no surprise: realism has been accused of a variety of ‘absences’, not least of which is its inability to theorise its own central unit of analysis, the state. Analyses of change, agency or race also are largely unavailable to the realist student.2 Within this context, an inability or unwillingness to theorise about gender does not seem very unusual.

The greater and lesser occipital nerves are involved in different types of chronic headaches, and occipital nerve blocks play both a diagnostic and a therapeutic role.

Infections among critically ill patients have convincingly been shown to directly increase mortality, prolong hospital length of stays, and increase healthcare costs (Chastre and Fagon 2002; Rello et al. 2002). In the past the general approach to antimicrobial therapy of infection involved an escalation strategy wherein patients were started on the narrowest reasonable antimicrobial regimen expected to cover a majority of common pathogens. In addition to mild and moderately ill patients, this strategy was also applied to the critically ill at high risk of death.

Abstract This article discusses the development of accountability and intelligence culture. It begins with the contentious issues that have prevailed in the field of intelligence. It defines the use of certain terms such as accountability and responsibility within the context of intelligence. The article also looks at how systems of oversight and accountability have developed in Canada's longest and most enduring intelligence partners. The focus here is on the causes, legislative practices, and shortcomings. Following the discussion on the systems of oversight and accountability in Canadian intelligence, the article proceeds with a discussion on how Canada has developed its own systems. The emphasis here is on the external procedures and independent institutions. The purpose in this section is twofold: first, is to illustrate that even close allies have followed different paths and, second, is to show that Canada, while initially getting off to a sound start, has failed to keep pace not only with its key intelligence allies but also with the changing threat environment. Finally, the article suggests what a system of oversight and accountability that will meet Canada's future needs might look like and what it would do.

Abstract This chapter examines South Africa’s foreign policy, particularly with regard to Africa, prior to and after 1994 when the country emerged from apartheid. South Africa’s foreign relations date back to the First and Second World Wars, when the country played a crucial role as a key member of the British Empire and the Commonwealth. Using information gathered from secondary material and other relevant archival sources, the chapter captures the patterns, changes, thrusts, and nuances of South Africa’s foreign policy perspective over a period of about sixty years, from the era of “Grand Apartheid” during the late 1950s and 1960s through the presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa in 2020. Critical in this endeavor is the periodization of South Africa’s foreign policy from the apartheid period to the post-apartheid democratic dispensation. This chapter accounts for the evolution of South Africa’s foreign policy in the two political dispensations of apartheid (from the late 1950s to 1993) and post-apartheid (1994 to date). The former is divided into four periods (1958–1966; 1966–1978; 1978–1989; 1989–1993), with the latter also divided into four periods (1994–1999; 1999–2008; 2009–2018; 2018–2020). This enables an historical-evolutionary analysis of the foreign policy of each period and administration and the transition from one period to another while noting the unique characteristics of that period for comparative assessment.

Horseradish peroxidase is coupled to IgG antibody in a two-step procedure. In the first step monosaccharide residues in the enzyme are oxidized with periodate to produce aldehyde groups. Then, in the second step, the aldehyde groups are allowed to react with amino groups in the IgG antibody. The Schiff bases formed are reduced and the conjugate is purified by gel filtration.