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  • Authors: Grayfer, Leon;
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    Authors: Cook, Melissa Ashley;

    The gall-inducing midge, Dasineura oxycoccana Johnson (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a pest of cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, and highbush blueberry, V. corymbosum, in British Columbia. Dasineura oxycoccana was initially found on highbush blueberry and more recently on cranberry. Given the close proximity of many cranberry and blueberry farms in British Columbia, it was hypothesized that D. oxycoccana was moving from highbush blueberry onto cranberry. I investigated whether D. oxycoccana populations from these two crops were the same species, host races or sibling species. I examined two mechanisms that could contribute to reproductive isolation between these populations: temporal isolation and behavioural isolation. Phenological data show that D. oxycoccana populations were not temporally isolated, because several generations were active at the same time on both crops. Behavioural isolation data from mating experiments show that these populations are completely reproductively isolated and most likely represent cryptic species.

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    Authors: Lemke, Malgorzata Anna;
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  • Authors: Cherry, Seth G.;
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Middleton, Holly Alyse;

    Current ecological theory states that food and danger considerations underlie patch selection. Foraging sites for the ~ 100,000 ducks wintering on the Fraser River delta, British Columbia, Canada, are embedded in a matrix of suburban and rural land use types. I investigated foraging by American wigeon (Anas Americana), mallard ( A. platyrhynchos), northern pintail (A. acuta) and green-winged teal (A. carolinensis) to test the hypothesis that features adjacent to foraging sites such as buildings or roads cast a 'shadow of danger' that reduces patch use and thus habitat carrying capacity. I measured patch use with winter-long dropping counts on transects across fields adjacent to residential areas, greenhouses, roads and berry fields. Usage was highest adjacent to greenhouses, lowest adjacent to residential areas, and intermediate adjacent to berry fields and roads. Seasonal usage of a field was steady once begun, began soonest adjacent to greenhouses, and latest adjacent to residential areas. The distribution pattern of droppings across fields showed that ducks avoided residential areas, and foraged close to greenhouses. They showed no strong distribution pattern at berry fields and roads. The measured level of activity (wildlife, people, traffic, noises, lights, etc.) was highest at residential areas and roads, and lowest at greenhouses. Patch use and seasonal usage was lower in fields bordering land uses with higher activity levels. Previous studies on wintering ducks on the Fraser River delta widely report that upland foraging is largely nocturnal, that diurnal use is restricted to roosting on flooded fields, and that crop type strongly influences field usage. In contrast, I found that nocturnal and diurnal foraging were similar, though fields were visited more often at night. Landscape-scale selection of fields was best explained (AIC) by models including field-level measures of danger and greenhouse proximity: neither available energy nor standing water were included in the most informative models. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that danger from various land use types strongly influences the foraging distribution of wintering ducks.

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    Authors: Wanner, Kevin;
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    Authors: Nelson, Jasen;

    Many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are released from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents into surface waters worldwide. The objectives of this research were: (1) to explore the use of in vitro estrogen-receptor transcriptional activation (ERTA) assays to screen for estrogenic EDCs in aquatic samples, (2) to investigate WWTPs as a source of EDCs into the aquatic environment, and (3) to examine whether these bioassays can be applied in monitoring estrogenic EDCs in fish. ERTA assay analysis of reference estrogens and WWTP samples, using both mammalian and yeast cell lines had less than 5-fold inter-assay variation compared to β-estradiol equivalent (EEQ) values. WWTP samples had EEQ values consistently higher than 1 ng/L, a concentration that could potentially cause endocrine disruption in fish. ERTA assay analysis of fortified tissue samples correlated with doses; however, the recovery was low (1-3%), and future studies may focus on improving the extraction procedure.

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  • Authors: Hancock, Nola;

    The rapidly changing climate poses a challenge for many land management and conservation activities. In particular, the need to ensure future sustainability of revegetated communities has focused attention on the critical decision as to where to source seed (and other propagules). Traditionally, industry 'best' practice has adhered to the principle of sourcing propagation material locally. This practice has been based on a perception that locally-sourced material is adapted to local conditions and will therefore confer superior plant performance. Additionally, the use of local provenance is often considered desirable as a means of 'preserving' the genetic integrity of local populations, reducing risks of outbreeding depression. In situations where source populations are small and inbred and where the environment is rapidly changing (a situation we are currently facing), this 'local is best' practice needs to be challenged. Moreover, sourcing seed from genetically-impoverished populations with little adaptive potential is increasingly being viewed as more detrimental to restoration success than potential outbreeding depression. Improved seed-sourcing guidelines, developed in the context of changing environmental conditions and based on empirical evidence, are urgently needed to support restoration projects that are sustainable in the long term. This thesis explores the 'local is best' paradigm using field and glasshouse experiments. In Chapter 2, I describe a common garden experiment comparing the establishment success of different provenances (one local vs four non-local provenances) of six widespread species (Acacia falcata, Bursaria spinosa ssp. spinosa, Eucalyptus crebra, E. tereticornis, Hardenbergia violacea and Themeda australis), all community dominants and / or widely used in restoration projects on the Cumberland Plain, western Sydney. In Chapter 3, I describe an experiment designed to test the establishment success of four provenances each of E. tereticornis and T. australis under both current and simulated future temperature conditions for 2050 in western Sydney. In Chapter 4, I describe a glasshouse experiment comparing the survival and early growth rates of three provenances each of Acacia falcata and Eucalyptus crebra under ambient and elevated CO2. In Chapter 5, I describe the results of a survey (conducted in New South Wales) investigating understanding of local provenance issues among restoration practitioners. The overall results and conclusions of the research are summarized in the final Chapter. Little evidence was found that local provenance plants had superior establishment success in the field studies. In the glasshouse experiment, intraspecific variation was found between the provenances for both species, regardless of the CO2 treatment. The results of the survey identified several inconsistencies of practice and belief within the restoration industry and that the definition of 'local provenance' is very flexible. The majority of respondents are in favour of a review of seed-sourcing policy/guidelines to allow for the inclusion of non-local provenance material. Overall, this research provides empirical support to challenge the validity of the strict adherence to the 'local is best' paradigm in general, but particularly on the Cumberland Plain, and underpins the need for improved seed sourcing guidelines.

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    Authors: Verspoor, Jan Joel;

    Spawning Pacific salmon affect freshwater ecosystems through substrate disturbance and the marine-derived nutrient pulse they deliver. I examined relations between a) salmon abundance and stream periphyton after spawning, and b) salmon abundance and invertebrate communities in the spring. I used 24 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawning streams in central British Columbia, Canada. After spawning, periphyton was enriched in salmon nitrogen but abundance was negatively related to salmon abundance, likely from substrate disturbance during spawning. Thus nutrient enrichment does not always translate into increased abundance. In the spring, the abundance of grazing mayflies and predatory stoneflies was positively related to salmon abundance, probably from increased algal growth caused by salmon nutrients delivered in previous years. Thus the salmon nutrient pulse can have ecological effects that extend long after spawning. The influence of spawning salmon on freshwater ecosystems differs through the year, across ecosystem components, and in relation to salmon abundance.

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    Authors: Hope, David;

    Shorebird population status and trends are commonly generated from counts made at migratory stopovers, where large numbers are concentrated at few locations. Shorebirds migrate long distances, encountering changing and unpredictable conditions. The ability to respond with adjustments in behaviours such as site selection, timing and routing, is likely essential. In this thesis I examine how the adaptive behaviour of migrants affects the use of stopover sites, and hence how many shorebirds are counted. I develop a model of mortality-minimizing decisions made by southbound western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) moving through a landscape with large and small stopover sites. I use the model to simulate counts that would be observed under different scenarios, each leaving distinct `fingerprints' on the outcomes. These outcomes were compared to counts made over five years by citizen-scientists across the Salish Sea region. The results support the hypothesis that inter-annual variation in the passage timing of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus - the most important sandpiper predator) strongly affects the distribution of sandpipers across small and large stopover sites. Other scenarios appear less parsimonious. An analysis of data collected by the Atlantic Canada Shorebird Survey (2754 surveys, 1974 - 2015) reveals that semipalmated sandpipers (C. pusilla) have steadily shifted their stopover site usage toward larger sites. Surveys of the northbound passage of western sandpipers and dunlins (C. alpina) along the Pacific Flyway show that over recent decades (1985 - 2016), both species passage southern sites, but not northern sites earlier. Each of these approaches demonstrates that the behavioural response of shorebirds to landscape-level conditions affects counts strongly enough that the accuracy of estimated population trends can be poor. Caution should be exerted when using migratory counts to generate trends in populations.

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34 Research products
  • Authors: Grayfer, Leon;
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    Authors: Cook, Melissa Ashley;

    The gall-inducing midge, Dasineura oxycoccana Johnson (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a pest of cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, and highbush blueberry, V. corymbosum, in British Columbia. Dasineura oxycoccana was initially found on highbush blueberry and more recently on cranberry. Given the close proximity of many cranberry and blueberry farms in British Columbia, it was hypothesized that D. oxycoccana was moving from highbush blueberry onto cranberry. I investigated whether D. oxycoccana populations from these two crops were the same species, host races or sibling species. I examined two mechanisms that could contribute to reproductive isolation between these populations: temporal isolation and behavioural isolation. Phenological data show that D. oxycoccana populations were not temporally isolated, because several generations were active at the same time on both crops. Behavioural isolation data from mating experiments show that these populations are completely reproductively isolated and most likely represent cryptic species.

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    Authors: Lemke, Malgorzata Anna;
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  • Authors: Cherry, Seth G.;
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    Authors: Middleton, Holly Alyse;

    Current ecological theory states that food and danger considerations underlie patch selection. Foraging sites for the ~ 100,000 ducks wintering on the Fraser River delta, British Columbia, Canada, are embedded in a matrix of suburban and rural land use types. I investigated foraging by American wigeon (Anas Americana), mallard ( A. platyrhynchos), northern pintail (A. acuta) and green-winged teal (A. carolinensis) to test the hypothesis that features adjacent to foraging sites such as buildings or roads cast a 'shadow of danger' that reduces patch use and thus habitat carrying capacity. I measured patch use with winter-long dropping counts on transects across fields adjacent to residential areas, greenhouses, roads and berry fields. Usage was highest adjacent to greenhouses, lowest adjacent to residential areas, and intermediate adjacent to berry fields and roads. Seasonal usage of a field was steady once begun, began soonest adjacent to greenhouses, and latest adjacent to residential areas. The distribution pattern of droppings across fields showed that ducks avoided residential areas, and foraged close to greenhouses. They showed no strong distribution pattern at berry fields and roads. The measured level of activity (wildlife, people, traffic, noises, lights, etc.) was highest at residential areas and roads, and lowest at greenhouses. Patch use and seasonal usage was lower in fields bordering land uses with higher activity levels. Previous studies on wintering ducks on the Fraser River delta widely report that upland foraging is largely nocturnal, that diurnal use is restricted to roosting on flooded fields, and that crop type strongly influences field usage. In contrast, I found that nocturnal and diurnal foraging were similar, though fields were visited more often at night. Landscape-scale selection of fields was best explained (AIC) by models including field-level measures of danger and greenhouse proximity: neither available energy nor standing water were included in the most informative models. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that danger from various land use types strongly influences the foraging distribution of wintering ducks.

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    Authors: Wanner, Kevin;
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    Authors: Nelson, Jasen;

    Many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are released from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents into surface waters worldwide. The objectives of this research were: (1) to explore the use of in vitro estrogen-receptor transcriptional activation (ERTA) assays to screen for estrogenic EDCs in aquatic samples, (2) to investigate WWTPs as a source of EDCs into the aquatic environment, and (3) to examine whether these bioassays can be applied in monitoring estrogenic EDCs in fish. ERTA assay analysis of reference estrogens and WWTP samples, using both mammalian and yeast cell lines had less than 5-fold inter-assay variation compared to β-estradiol equivalent (EEQ) values. WWTP samples had EEQ values consistently higher than 1 ng/L, a concentration that could potentially cause endocrine disruption in fish. ERTA assay analysis of fortified tissue samples correlated with doses; however, the recovery was low (1-3%), and future studies may focus on improving the extraction procedure.

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  • Authors: Hancock, Nola;

    The rapidly changing climate poses a challenge for many land management and conservation activities. In particular, the need to ensure future sustainability of revegetated communities has focused attention on the critical decision as to where to source seed (and other propagules). Traditionally, industry 'best' practice has adhered to the principle of sourcing propagation material locally. This practice has been based on a perception that locally-sourced material is adapted to local conditions and will therefore confer superior plant performance. Additionally, the use of local provenance is often considered desirable as a means of 'preserving' the genetic integrity of local populations, reducing risks of outbreeding depression. In situations where source populations are small and inbred and where the environment is rapidly changing (a situation we are currently facing), this 'local is best' practice needs to be challenged. Moreover, sourcing seed from genetically-impoverished populations with little adaptive potential is increasingly being viewed as more detrimental to restoration success than potential outbreeding depression. Improved seed-sourcing guidelines, developed in the context of changing environmental conditions and based on empirical evidence, are urgently needed to support restoration projects that are sustainable in the long term. This thesis explores the 'local is best' paradigm using field and glasshouse experiments. In Chapter 2, I describe a common garden experiment comparing the establishment success of different provenances (one local vs four non-local provenances) of six widespread species (Acacia falcata, Bursaria spinosa ssp. spinosa, Eucalyptus crebra, E. tereticornis, Hardenbergia violacea and Themeda australis), all community dominants and / or widely used in restoration projects on the Cumberland Plain, western Sydney. In Chapter 3, I describe an experiment designed to test the establishment success of four provenances each of E. tereticornis and T. australis under both current and simulated future temperature conditions for 2050 in western Sydney. In Chapter 4, I describe a glasshouse experiment comparing the survival and early growth rates of three provenances each of Acacia falcata and Eucalyptus crebra under ambient and elevated CO2. In Chapter 5, I describe the results of a survey (conducted in New South Wales) investigating understanding of local provenance issues among restoration practitioners. The overall results and conclusions of the research are summarized in the final Chapter. Little evidence was found that local provenance plants had superior establishment success in the field studies. In the glasshouse experiment, intraspecific variation was found between the provenances for both species, regardless of the CO2 treatment. The results of the survey identified several inconsistencies of practice and belief within the restoration industry and that the definition of 'local provenance' is very flexible. The majority of respondents are in favour of a review of seed-sourcing policy/guidelines to allow for the inclusion of non-local provenance material. Overall, this research provides empirical support to challenge the validity of the strict adherence to the 'local is best' paradigm in general, but particularly on the Cumberland Plain, and underpins the need for improved seed sourcing guidelines.

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    Authors: Verspoor, Jan Joel;

    Spawning Pacific salmon affect freshwater ecosystems through substrate disturbance and the marine-derived nutrient pulse they deliver. I examined relations between a) salmon abundance and stream periphyton after spawning, and b) salmon abundance and invertebrate communities in the spring. I used 24 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawning streams in central British Columbia, Canada. After spawning, periphyton was enriched in salmon nitrogen but abundance was negatively related to salmon abundance, likely from substrate disturbance during spawning. Thus nutrient enrichment does not always translate into increased abundance. In the spring, the abundance of grazing mayflies and predatory stoneflies was positively related to salmon abundance, probably from increased algal growth caused by salmon nutrients delivered in previous years. Thus the salmon nutrient pulse can have ecological effects that extend long after spawning. The influence of spawning salmon on freshwater ecosystems differs through the year, across ecosystem components, and in relation to salmon abundance.

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    Authors: Hope, David;

    Shorebird population status and trends are commonly generated from counts made at migratory stopovers, where large numbers are concentrated at few locations. Shorebirds migrate long distances, encountering changing and unpredictable conditions. The ability to respond with adjustments in behaviours such as site selection, timing and routing, is likely essential. In this thesis I examine how the adaptive behaviour of migrants affects the use of stopover sites, and hence how many shorebirds are counted. I develop a model of mortality-minimizing decisions made by southbound western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) moving through a landscape with large and small stopover sites. I use the model to simulate counts that would be observed under different scenarios, each leaving distinct `fingerprints' on the outcomes. These outcomes were compared to counts made over five years by citizen-scientists across the Salish Sea region. The results support the hypothesis that inter-annual variation in the passage timing of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus - the most important sandpiper predator) strongly affects the distribution of sandpipers across small and large stopover sites. Other scenarios appear less parsimonious. An analysis of data collected by the Atlantic Canada Shorebird Survey (2754 surveys, 1974 - 2015) reveals that semipalmated sandpipers (C. pusilla) have steadily shifted their stopover site usage toward larger sites. Surveys of the northbound passage of western sandpipers and dunlins (C. alpina) along the Pacific Flyway show that over recent decades (1985 - 2016), both species passage southern sites, but not northern sites earlier. Each of these approaches demonstrates that the behavioural response of shorebirds to landscape-level conditions affects counts strongly enough that the accuracy of estimated population trends can be poor. Caution should be exerted when using migratory counts to generate trends in populations.

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