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  • Papyrus : Dépôt institutionnel - Université de Montréal

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Cárdenas, Diana;

    Partout, des millions d'immigrants doivent apprendre à interagir avec une nouvelle culture (acculturation) et à s’y identifier (identification). Toutefois, il existe un débat important sur la relation entre l’acculturation et l’identification. Certains chercheurs les considèrent comme étant des concepts identiques; d’autres argumentent qu'un lien directionnel unit ces concepts (c.-à-d. l'identification mène à l'acculturation, ou l'acculturation mène à l'identification). Toutefois, aucune étude n'a pas investigué la nature et la direction de leur relation. Afin de clarifier ces questions, trois modèles théoriques testeront la relation entre l’acculturation et l’identification et deux variables centrales à l’immigration, soit être forcé à immigrer et l’incohérence des valeurs. Dans le premier modèle, les variables d'immigration prédirent simultanément l'acculturation et l'identification. Le second modèle avance que les variables d'immigration mènent à l'identification, qui mène à l'acculturation. Le troisième modèle précis plutôt que les variables d'immigration prédisent l'acculturation, qui prédit l'identification. Le premier modèle propose que l'acculturation et l'identification sont le même concept, tandis que les second et troisième stipulent qu'ils sont différents (ainsi que la direction de leur relation). Ces modèles seront comparés afin d’examiner l'existence et la direction du lien qui unit l'acculturation et l'identification. Lors de la première étude, 146 immigrants latino-américains ont répondu à un questionnaire. Les analyses des pistes causales appuient le troisième modèle stipulant que l'acculturation mène à l'identification et, donc, qu'ils sont des concepts distincts. Les résultats ont été confirmés à l’aide d’une deuxième étude où 15 immigrants latino-américains ont passé une entrevue semi-structurée. Les implications théoriques et pratiques seront discutées. At present, millions of immigrants are learning to participate (acculturation) and identify to a new culture (identification). In acculturation research, there is considerable debate about the relationship between acculturation and identification. While some researchers consider them as identical concepts, other researchers argue that they are distinct. In addition, it is unclear which variable is at the origin of the other one. The aim of our research is to clarify the distinction and relationship of the variables. To this end, three theoretical models will be tested; they will differ on how acculturation and identification relate to two important immigration variables (coerciveness to immigrate and value incongruence). The first model states that the immigration variables simultaneously predict acculturation and identification. The second model affirms that the immigration variables predict identification, which then predicts acculturation. The third model is similar but instead acculturation predicts identification. Thus, if acculturation and identification have the same relationship to the two immigration variables (first model), they represent a single construct. However, if identification leads to acculturation (second model), they must be different concepts, identification prompting acculturation. Nonetheless, if acculturation leads to identification (third model), then these variables are not only different but acculturation influences identification. In the first study, 146 Latin American immigrants responded to a questionnaire. Path analyses support the third model, suggesting that acculturation leads to identification. The results were confirmed in a second study, where the semi-structured interviews of 15 Latin American immigrants were analyzed. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Papyrus : Dépôt inst...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Ruge-Murcia, Francisco;

    SummaryThis paper uses extreme value theory to study the implications of skewness risk for nominal loan contracts in a production economy. Productivity and inflation innovations are drawn from generalized extreme value distributions. The model is solved using a third‐order perturbation and estimated by the simulated method of moments. Results show that the data reject the hypothesis that innovations are drawn from normal distributions and favor instead the alternative that they are drawn from asymmetric distributions. Estimates indicate that skewness risk accounts for 12% of the risk premia and reduces bond yields by approximately 55 basis points. For a bond that pays 1 dollar at maturity, the adjustment factor associated with skewness risk ranges from 0.15 cents for a 3‐month bond to 2.05 cents for a 5‐year bond. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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    Journal of Applied Econometrics
    Article . 2016
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      Journal of Applied Econometrics
      Article . 2016
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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    Authors: BOSSERT, Walter; SPRUMONT, Yves; SUZUMURA, Kotaro;

    handle: 1866/524

    This paper revisits Diamond’s classical impossibility result regarding the ordering of infinite utility streams. We show that if no representability condition is imposed, there do exist strongly Paretian and finitely anonymous orderings of intertemporal utility streams with attractive additional properties. We extend a possibility theorem due to Svensson to a characterization theorem and we provide characterizations of all strongly Paretian and finitely anonymous rankings satisfying the strict transfer principle. In addition, infinite horizon extensions of leximin and of utilitarianism are characterized by adding an equity preference axiom and finite translation-scale measurability, respectively, to strong Pareto and finite anonymity.

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    Authors: BLACKORBY, Charles; BOSSERT, Walter; DONALDSON, David;

    handle: 1866/492

    This paper provides new versions of Harsanyi's social aggregation theorem that are formulated in terms of prospects rather than lotteries. Strengthening an earlier result, fixed-population ex-ante utilitarianism is characterized in a multi-profile setting with fixed probabilities. In addition, we extend the social aggregation theorem to social-evaluation problems under uncertainty with a variable population and generalize our approach to uncertain alternatives, which consist of compound vectors of probability distributions and prospects.

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    Authors: Adèle Paul-Hus; Adrián A. Díaz-Faes; Maxime Sainte-Marie; Nadine Desrochers; +2 Authors

    For the past 50 years, acknowledgments have been studied as important paratextual traces of research practices, collaboration, and infrastructure in science. Since 2008, funding acknowledgments have been indexed by Web of Science, supporting large-scale analyses of research funding. Applying advanced linguistic methods as well as Correspondence Analysis to more than one million acknowledgments from research articles and reviews published in 2015, this paper aims to go beyond funding disclosure and study the main types of contributions found in acknowledgments on a large scale and through disciplinary comparisons. Our analysis shows that technical support is more frequently acknowledged by scholars in Chemistry, Physics and Engineering. Earth and Space, Professional Fields, and Social Sciences are more likely to acknowledge contributions from colleagues, editors, and reviewers, while Biology acknowledgments put more emphasis on logistics and fieldwork-related tasks. Conflicts of interest disclosures (or lack of thereof) are more frequently found in acknowledgments from Clinical Medicine, Health and, to a lesser extent, Psychology. These results demonstrate that acknowledgment practices truly do vary across disciplines and that this can lead to important further research beyond the sole interest in funding. Adèle Paul-Hus was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Joseph-Armand Bombardier CGS Doctoral Scholarships. Nadine Desrochers and Vincent Larivière acknowledge the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Insight Development Grant [grant number 430-2014-0617]. Rodrigo Costas acknowledges a grant by Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa, Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and STI Policy (SciSTIP). Peer Reviewed

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    Article . 2017
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Article . 2017
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    PLoS ONE
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    Article . 2017
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      Europe PubMed Central
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      RiuNet
      Other literature type . 2017
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      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Matthew L Wallace; Vincent Larivière; Yves Gingras;

    This paper examines the proximity of authors to those they cite using degrees of separation in a co-author network, essentially using collaboration networks to expand on the notion of self-citations. While the proportion of direct self-citations (including co-authors of both citing and cited papers) is relatively constant in time and across specialties in the natural sciences (10% of citations) and the social sciences (20%), the same cannot be said for citations to authors who are members of the co-author network. Differences between fields and trends over time lie not only in the degree of co-authorship which defines the large-scale topology of the collaboration network, but also in the referencing practices within a given discipline, computed by defining a propensity to cite at a given distance within the collaboration network. Overall, there is little tendency to cite those nearby in the collaboration network, excluding direct self-citations. By analyzing these social references, we characterize the social capital of local collaboration networks in terms of the knowledge production within scientific fields. These results have implications for the long-standing debate over biases common to most types of citation analysis, and for understanding citation practices across scientific disciplines over the past 50 years. In addition, our findings have important practical implications for the availability of 'arm's length' expert reviewers of grant applications and manuscripts.

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    Authors: Beausoleil, Marie-Ève;

    Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre pourquoi et comment se sont posés les enjeux normatifs de la reconnaissance publique dans la France des Lumières. Je montre que cette problématique prend toute son importance dans une période de transition vers la modernité où se conjuguent deux grands phénomènes. D’une part, les penseurs des Lumières, remettant en cause les formes révélées et arbitraires de l’autorité, font de la gloire un processus de reconnaissance du mérite susceptible d’ordonner une société harmonieuse et juste. D’autre part, le XVIIIe siècle voit l’émergence d’une culture de la célébrité qui favorise la multiplication des personnalités connues, en particulier issues du milieu des lettres et des arts de la capitale. Plutôt que de distinguer des individus dont le mérite et les accomplissements utiles suscitent l’admiration unanime, comme le voudrait l’économie de la gloire, la célébrité s’alimente, entre autres, de la controverse, du dévoilement de la vie privée et de la consommation du divertissement. Dès son avènement, elle est largement perçue comme un facteur de décadence morale et un symptôme d’appauvrissement culturel. Cette étude propose une incursion dans les discours moraux (traités de morale, observations sur les mœurs), esthétiques (palmarès allégoriques, ouvrages sur le goût) et biographiques (ana, almanachs satiriques) qui ont participé à l’élaboration, à la promotion et à la critique d’économies de la reconnaissance publique. En analysant une sélection de textes publiés sur une période d’environ 150 ans, entre la Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes et le premier tiers du XIXe siècle, je montre la cohérence de fond et les articulations de ces réflexions qui portent, en définitive, sur le genre d’ordre (littéraire, social ou politique) que l’on voudrait consolider ou voir advenir. Elles ouvrent en retour une perspective sur la spécificité de ce moment charnière, marqué entre autres par la déstructuration des hiérarchies traditionnelles et l’affirmation de l’individu comme sujet moral autonome. La thèse contribue à l’historicisation de la culture de la célébrité moderne en l’abordant par le biais des représentions et des luttes symboliques qu’elle suscite. Alors que la célébrité a été théorisée comme un phénomène médiatique qui instaure en particulier un rapport d’intimité à distance entre les personnes célèbres et le public, je montre qu’elle était largement interprétée à l’époque comme une dérégulation de l’économie affective de la gloire. Cette dernière repose sur une théorie du sentiment moral qui permet de reconnaître de manière naturelle le vrai mérite et de résoudre, avec le temps, la tension entre la relativité des opinions et l’objectivité des valeurs. La célébrité avive au contraire des passions, telles l’envie, l’ambition et la cupidité, qui poussent à fabriquer une reconnaissance immédiate et non méritée. Alors que s’affirme une compréhension systémique de ses mécanismes au sein d’une critique des mœurs de la société de l’élite parisienne, la célébrité se voit inscrite dans un ensemble cohérent de manifestations esthétiques et socioculturelles, incluant la mode, le luxe, le bel-esprit, le rococo, la satire, le persiflage, les lectures légères, les cabales et les spectacles. This dissertation examines how and why normative issues about public recognition developed in Enlightenment France. It shows that this question gained significance during the transitional period towards modernity as two important phenomena intersected. On the one hand, Enlightenment thinkers – who questioned the arbitrary foundations of authority – made glory into a process of recognition based on merit, which, in turn, could engender a harmonious and just society. On the other hand, the century saw the advent of a celebrity culture, which enabled the multiplication of famed individuals, especially emanating from the capital’s arts and literary circles. Instead of distinguishing individuals whose merit and useful accomplishments gave rise to unanimous admiration, as the economy of glory would demand, celebrity built upon things such as controversies, revelations about private lives, and the consumption of entertainment. From its inception, celebrity was perceived as a contributing factor to moral degeneracy and as a sign of cultural decay. This dissertation examines moral, aesthetic, and biographical texts that contributed to the creation, promotion, and critique of the economies of public recognition. An analysis of these texts published over a 150-year period – from the Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes to the first third of the nineteenth century – sheds light on their arguments with regards to the type of order (literary, social, or political) that they hoped to consolidate or engender. These texts offer a unique view into the particularities of this defining moment shaped by the elimination of traditional hierarchies and the advent of individuals as autonomous moral subjects. This dissertation historicises modern celebrity culture through an examination of its representations and of the conflicts it generated. Although celebrity has been theorized as a media phenomenon that creates a relationship of intimacy between famed individuals and the public, this study shows that, during the period in question, it was largely conceived as a deregulation of glory’s economy of feelings. This economy was based on a theory of moral sentiments that enabled the natural recognition of true merit, and that would, in due course, solve the tension between the subjectivity of opinions and the objectivity of values. To the contrary, celebrity fuelled passions – such as envy, ambition, and greed – which prompted the creation of immediate and undeserved renown. Celebrity was inscribed in a coherent set of aesthetic and sociocultural manifestations – including, fashion, rococo, bel esprit, satire, persiflage, light reading, cabals, and spectacles – while its systematic definition took shape through a critique of elite mores.

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    Authors: Chapdelaine, Maude;

    Ce mémoire porte sur l'exploitation de la faune par les habitants du site McDonald de la région de Saint-Anicet. L'objectif principal est de caractériser la place des mammifères dans l’économie mixte des Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent à un moment où l’horticulture gagne en popularité. L’étude de l’assemblage faunique a permis de déterminer que le cerf de Virginie, l’ours noir et le castor du Canada sont les principaux taxons mammaliens qui contribuent de façon économique, technologique et symbolique à l’économie de subsistance des habitants du site McDonald. Cette étude a été menée en intégrant des statistiques descriptives propres à la zooarchéologie telles que le nombre de restes déterminés (NRD), le nombre minimal d’individus (NMI) et le poids de viande (PV) avec des sources d’informations connexes telles que des documents ethnohistoriques, des guides fauniques et des statistiques gouvernementales. Ce travail utilise également l’analyse de la distribution spatiale des restes squelettiques qui montre une répartition des matières dures animales majoritairement alignée dans l’axe central des maisons-longues. La distribution spatiale des taxons montre quant à elle une homogénéité dans la dispersion des animaux entre les maisons-longues, ainsi qu’une répartition relativement égalitaire des ressources carnées entre les unités familiales. L’analyse des concentrations révèle même un esprit de collaboration entre les unités familiales contiguës. De plus, le spectre de faune tend à démontrer une occupation annuelle du site, ce qui corrobore l’analyse céramique et l’analyse des cultigènes. Finalement, en comparant le NRD et le NMI mammalien du site McDonald avec sept autres sites contemporains, l’analyse faunique démontre que les ressources mammaliennes sont en décroissance dans l’alimentation des Iroquoiens entre le début du 14e siècle et la première moitié du 16e siècle, période qui correspond justement à l’essor de l’horticulture (maïs, haricot, courge) au sein de la diète iroquoienne, ce qui caractérise l’économie mixte de la période du Sylvicole supérieur. This thesis explores patterns of faunal exploitation habits at the McDonald site, in the Saint-Anicet area during the Late Woodland period. The main goal is to determine the importance of wild game in the Iroquoian economical system which is based on the balance of fishing, hunting and horticulture. The result of the faunal analysis shows that White-Tailed Deer, North American Black Bear and North American Beaver are the most important taxa contributing to the subsistence economy of the inhabitants of the site. This was determined by standard zooarchaeological methods, including calculation of the number of identified specimens (NISP), the minimum number of individuals (MNI), meat weight (MW) and ethnohistorical data. This thesis also discusses the spatial distribution of animal skeletal remains, comparing meat consumption patterns within each family unity inside the longhouses and within and between each longhouse. This comparison shows that faunal remains are mostly located in the central alignment of longhouses and are homogeneously distributed. The taxa distributed within the longhouses suggest relatively equalitarian access to animal resources. Analysis of the bone concentrations shows a collaborative tendency between family units within the community. Furthermore, the faunal assemblage tends to show an annual occupation of the site. Sedentary occupation of the site is also supported by ceramic analysis and cultigen analysis. Finally, we compare the mammal NISP and MNI of the McDonald's site with seven other contemporaneous archaeological sites from the region. This comparison shows that mammalian resources declined in importance in the Iroquoian diet between the beginning of the 14th century and the first part of the 16th century, probably due to the adoption of horticulture.

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    Authors: Andreadakis, Eftichia;

    Selon la théorie de l’auto-détermination, l’autonomie est un besoin universel de base qui, lorsque soutenu, permet aux individus de mieux fonctionner et de vivre plus de bien-être psychologique (p. ex., Deci & Ryan, 2008). Le style parental des parents qui soutiennent l’autonomie de leur enfant est caractérisé par le soutien du fonctionnement autodéterminé de ce dernier. Sa définition traditionnelle inclut des pratiques telles qu’offrir des explications et des choix lors des requêtes, communiquer de l’empathie, et encourager les prises d’initiatives tout en minimisant l’utilisation d’un langage contrôlant (p. ex., Soenens et al., 2007). Les bénéfices d’un style parental qui soutient l’autonomie d’un enfant ont été bien documentés (p. ex., Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997), toutefois, peu d’études ont été effectuées auprès des bambins. Or, cette thèse visait à enrichir la littérature sur le « parentage » en explorant les pratiques soutenantes qui sont utilisées par des parents de bambins dans un contexte de socialisation (étude 1), ainsi qu’en examinant les facteurs qui peuvent brimer leur mise en pratique (étude 2). La première étude a examiné un grand nombre de pratiques de socialisation que les parents qui favorisent davantage le soutien à l’autonomie (SA) pourraient utiliser plus fréquemment lorsqu’ils font des demandes à leurs bambins. Cette étude nous a permis d’explorer comment les parents manifestent leur SA et si le SA dans ce type de contexte est associé à un plus grand niveau d’internalisation des règles. Des parents (N = 182) de bambins (M âge = 27.08 mois) ont donc été invités à rapporter la fréquence avec laquelle ils utilisent 26 pratiques potentiellement soutenantes lorsqu’ils demandent à leurs bambins de compléter des tâches importantes mais non intéressantes et de rapporter à quel point ils valorisent le SA. Huit pratiques ont été identifiées comme étant soutenantes: quatre façons de communiquer de l’empathie, donner des explications courtes, expliquer pourquoi la tâche est importante, décrire le problème de façon informative et neutre, et mettre en pratique le comportement désiré soi-même. De plus, l’ensemble des huit pratiques corrélait positivement avec le niveau d’internalisation des bambins, suggérant aussi que celles-ci représentent bien le concept du SA. Des études futures pourraient tenter de répliquer ces résultats dans des contextes potentiellement plus chargés ou ébranlants (p. ex., réagir face à des méfaits, avec des enfants souffrant de retard de développement). La deuxième étude a poursuivi l’exploration du concept du SA parental en examinant les facteurs qui influencent la fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies soutenantes dans des contextes de socialisation. Puisque la littérature suggère que le stress parental et le tempérament difficile des bambins (c.-à-d., plus haut niveau d’affectivité négative, plus faible niveau de contrôle volontaire/autorégulation, plus faible niveau de surgency) comme étant des facteurs de risque potentiels, nous avons exploré de quelle façon ces variables étaient associées à la fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies soutenantes. Les buts de l’étude étaient: (1) d’examiner comment le tempérament des bambins et le stress parental influençaient le SA parental, et (2) de vérifier si le stress parental médiait la relation possible entre le tempérament des bambins et le SA parental. Le même échantillon de parents a été utilisé. Les parents ont été invités à répondre à des questions portant sur le tempérament de leur enfant ainsi que sur leur niveau de stress. Les résultats ont démontré qu’un plus grand niveau d’affectivité négative était associé à un plus grand niveau de stress parental, qui à son tour prédisait moins de SA parental. De plus, le stress parental médiait la relation positive entre l’autorégulation du bambin et le SA parental. Des recherches futures pourraient évaluer des interventions ayant pour but d’aider les parents à préserver leur attitude soutenante durant des contextes de socialisation plus difficiles malgré certaines caractéristiques tempéramentales exigeantes des bambins, en plus du stress qu’ils pourraient vivre au quotidien. According to self-determination theory, psychological autonomy is a basic, universal need that, when supported, enables individuals to function more positively and experience greater psychological well-being (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2008). Parenting that supports the autonomy of a child is classically defined as the parental support for their self-determined functioning and includes practices such as providing rationales and choices for requests, communicating empathy, and encouraging initiatives while using non-controlling language (e.g., Soenens et al., 2007). The benefits of autonomy-supportive parenting have been well-documented (e.g., Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997) however, few studies to date have been conducted with toddlers. The present thesis thus sought to enrich the parenting literature by exploring what autonomy-supportive parenting practices are used by parents of toddlers in a socialization context (Study 1) and by examining the factors that may hinder their use (Study 2). The first study examined a wide range of socialization practices that parents who favoured AS to a greater extent may use more frequently when making requests to their toddlers. The study allowed us to explore how parents manifest AS towards their toddlers and whether AS in this context is associated with greater rule internalization. Parents (N = 182) of toddlers (M age = 27.08 months) were thus asked to report the frequency at which they used 26 potentially autonomy-supportive practices when asking their toddlers to complete important yet uninteresting activities and the extent to which they valued AS. Eight practices were identified as being autonomy-supportive: four forms of communicating empathy, providing short rationales, explaining why the task is important, giving an informational and neutral description of the problem, and modeling the desired behaviour. The set of eight practices was positively associated with toddlers’ level of internalization, further suggesting that they embodied the concept of AS. Future studies may seek to replicate these findings in more potentially volatile or distressing contexts (e.g., reacting to misdeeds, with children with developmental delays). The second study extended the results further by examining what factors influenced the use of parental AS in socialization contexts. Since the literature points to parental stress and toddler difficult temperament (i.e., higher levels of negative affectivity, lower levels of effortful control, and lower levels of surgency) as possible risk factors, we explored how they related to the frequency of use of autonomy-supportive practices. The goals of the study were: (1) to examine how toddlers’ temperament and parental stress influenced parental AS, and (2) to verify if parental stress played a mediating role in the putative relationship between toddlers’ temperament and parental AS. Using the same sample, parents were asked to answer questions regarding their toddler’s temperament and their own stress levels. The results showed that greater child negative affectivity was associated with greater parental stress, which in turn predicted lower parental AS. Moreover, parental stress partially mediated the positive relationship between child effortful control and parental AS. Future research could investigate possible interventions that aim to help parents preserve their autonomy-supportive stance during challenging socialization contexts, in the face of exacting child temperamental characteristics, and in addition to the stress brought on by daily life.

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    Authors: Amarante, Massimiliano; Ghossoub, Mario; Phelps, Edmund;

    Empirical evidence suggests that ambiguity is prevalent in insurance pricing and underwriting, and that often insurers tend to exhibit more ambiguity than the insured individuals (e.g., Hogarth and Kunreuther (1989)). Motivated by these findings, we consider a problem of demand for insurance indemnity schedules, where the insurer has ambiguous beliefs about the realizations of the insurable loss, whereas the insured is an expected-utility maximizer. We show that if the ambiguous beliefs of the insurer satisfy a property of compatibility with the non-ambiguous beliefs of the insured, then optimal indemnity schedules exist and are monotonic. By virtue of monotonicity, no ex-post moral hazard issues arise at our solutions (e.g., Huberman, Mayers, and Smith (1983)). In addition, in the case where the insurer is either ambiguity-seeking or ambiguity-averse, we show that the problem of determining the optimal indemnity schedule reduces to that of solving an auxiliary problem that is simpler than the original one in that it does not involve ambiguity. Finally, under additional assumptions, we give an explicit characterization of the optimal indemnity schedule for the insured, and we show how our results naturally extend the classical result of Arrow on the optimality of the deductible indemnity schedule.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2015
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    Authors: Cárdenas, Diana;

    Partout, des millions d'immigrants doivent apprendre à interagir avec une nouvelle culture (acculturation) et à s’y identifier (identification). Toutefois, il existe un débat important sur la relation entre l’acculturation et l’identification. Certains chercheurs les considèrent comme étant des concepts identiques; d’autres argumentent qu'un lien directionnel unit ces concepts (c.-à-d. l'identification mène à l'acculturation, ou l'acculturation mène à l'identification). Toutefois, aucune étude n'a pas investigué la nature et la direction de leur relation. Afin de clarifier ces questions, trois modèles théoriques testeront la relation entre l’acculturation et l’identification et deux variables centrales à l’immigration, soit être forcé à immigrer et l’incohérence des valeurs. Dans le premier modèle, les variables d'immigration prédirent simultanément l'acculturation et l'identification. Le second modèle avance que les variables d'immigration mènent à l'identification, qui mène à l'acculturation. Le troisième modèle précis plutôt que les variables d'immigration prédisent l'acculturation, qui prédit l'identification. Le premier modèle propose que l'acculturation et l'identification sont le même concept, tandis que les second et troisième stipulent qu'ils sont différents (ainsi que la direction de leur relation). Ces modèles seront comparés afin d’examiner l'existence et la direction du lien qui unit l'acculturation et l'identification. Lors de la première étude, 146 immigrants latino-américains ont répondu à un questionnaire. Les analyses des pistes causales appuient le troisième modèle stipulant que l'acculturation mène à l'identification et, donc, qu'ils sont des concepts distincts. Les résultats ont été confirmés à l’aide d’une deuxième étude où 15 immigrants latino-américains ont passé une entrevue semi-structurée. Les implications théoriques et pratiques seront discutées. At present, millions of immigrants are learning to participate (acculturation) and identify to a new culture (identification). In acculturation research, there is considerable debate about the relationship between acculturation and identification. While some researchers consider them as identical concepts, other researchers argue that they are distinct. In addition, it is unclear which variable is at the origin of the other one. The aim of our research is to clarify the distinction and relationship of the variables. To this end, three theoretical models will be tested; they will differ on how acculturation and identification relate to two important immigration variables (coerciveness to immigrate and value incongruence). The first model states that the immigration variables simultaneously predict acculturation and identification. The second model affirms that the immigration variables predict identification, which then predicts acculturation. The third model is similar but instead acculturation predicts identification. Thus, if acculturation and identification have the same relationship to the two immigration variables (first model), they represent a single construct. However, if identification leads to acculturation (second model), they must be different concepts, identification prompting acculturation. Nonetheless, if acculturation leads to identification (third model), then these variables are not only different but acculturation influences identification. In the first study, 146 Latin American immigrants responded to a questionnaire. Path analyses support the third model, suggesting that acculturation leads to identification. The results were confirmed in a second study, where the semi-structured interviews of 15 Latin American immigrants were analyzed. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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    Authors: Ruge-Murcia, Francisco;

    SummaryThis paper uses extreme value theory to study the implications of skewness risk for nominal loan contracts in a production economy. Productivity and inflation innovations are drawn from generalized extreme value distributions. The model is solved using a third‐order perturbation and estimated by the simulated method of moments. Results show that the data reject the hypothesis that innovations are drawn from normal distributions and favor instead the alternative that they are drawn from asymmetric distributions. Estimates indicate that skewness risk accounts for 12% of the risk premia and reduces bond yields by approximately 55 basis points. For a bond that pays 1 dollar at maturity, the adjustment factor associated with skewness risk ranges from 0.15 cents for a 3‐month bond to 2.05 cents for a 5‐year bond. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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    Journal of Applied Econometrics
    Article . 2016
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      Journal of Applied Econometrics
      Article . 2016
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    Authors: BOSSERT, Walter; SPRUMONT, Yves; SUZUMURA, Kotaro;

    handle: 1866/524

    This paper revisits Diamond’s classical impossibility result regarding the ordering of infinite utility streams. We show that if no representability condition is imposed, there do exist strongly Paretian and finitely anonymous orderings of intertemporal utility streams with attractive additional properties. We extend a possibility theorem due to Svensson to a characterization theorem and we provide characterizations of all strongly Paretian and finitely anonymous rankings satisfying the strict transfer principle. In addition, infinite horizon extensions of leximin and of utilitarianism are characterized by adding an equity preference axiom and finite translation-scale measurability, respectively, to strong Pareto and finite anonymity.

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    Authors: BLACKORBY, Charles; BOSSERT, Walter; DONALDSON, David;

    handle: 1866/492

    This paper provides new versions of Harsanyi's social aggregation theorem that are formulated in terms of prospects rather than lotteries. Strengthening an earlier result, fixed-population ex-ante utilitarianism is characterized in a multi-profile setting with fixed probabilities. In addition, we extend the social aggregation theorem to social-evaluation problems under uncertainty with a variable population and generalize our approach to uncertain alternatives, which consist of compound vectors of probability distributions and prospects.

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    Authors: Adèle Paul-Hus; Adrián A. Díaz-Faes; Maxime Sainte-Marie; Nadine Desrochers; +2 Authors

    For the past 50 years, acknowledgments have been studied as important paratextual traces of research practices, collaboration, and infrastructure in science. Since 2008, funding acknowledgments have been indexed by Web of Science, supporting large-scale analyses of research funding. Applying advanced linguistic methods as well as Correspondence Analysis to more than one million acknowledgments from research articles and reviews published in 2015, this paper aims to go beyond funding disclosure and study the main types of contributions found in acknowledgments on a large scale and through disciplinary comparisons. Our analysis shows that technical support is more frequently acknowledged by scholars in Chemistry, Physics and Engineering. Earth and Space, Professional Fields, and Social Sciences are more likely to acknowledge contributions from colleagues, editors, and reviewers, while Biology acknowledgments put more emphasis on logistics and fieldwork-related tasks. Conflicts of interest disclosures (or lack of thereof) are more frequently found in acknowledgments from Clinical Medicine, Health and, to a lesser extent, Psychology. These results demonstrate that acknowledgment practices truly do vary across disciplines and that this can lead to important further research beyond the sole interest in funding. Adèle Paul-Hus was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Joseph-Armand Bombardier CGS Doctoral Scholarships. Nadine Desrochers and Vincent Larivière acknowledge the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Insight Development Grant [grant number 430-2014-0617]. Rodrigo Costas acknowledges a grant by Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa, Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and STI Policy (SciSTIP). Peer Reviewed

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    NARCIS
    Article . 2017
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Article . 2017
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    Authors: Matthew L Wallace; Vincent Larivière; Yves Gingras;

    This paper examines the proximity of authors to those they cite using degrees of separation in a co-author network, essentially using collaboration networks to expand on the notion of self-citations. While the proportion of direct self-citations (including co-authors of both citing and cited papers) is relatively constant in time and across specialties in the natural sciences (10% of citations) and the social sciences (20%), the same cannot be said for citations to authors who are members of the co-author network. Differences between fields and trends over time lie not only in the degree of co-authorship which defines the large-scale topology of the collaboration network, but also in the referencing practices within a given discipline, computed by defining a propensity to cite at a given distance within the collaboration network. Overall, there is little tendency to cite those nearby in the collaboration network, excluding direct self-citations. By analyzing these social references, we characterize the social capital of local collaboration networks in terms of the knowledge production within scientific fields. These results have implications for the long-standing debate over biases common to most types of citation analysis, and for understanding citation practices across scientific disciplines over the past 50 years. In addition, our findings have important practical implications for the availability of 'arm's length' expert reviewers of grant applications and manuscripts.

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    Authors: Beausoleil, Marie-Ève;

    Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre pourquoi et comment se sont posés les enjeux normatifs de la reconnaissance publique dans la France des Lumières. Je montre que cette problématique prend toute son importance dans une période de transition vers la modernité où se conjuguent deux grands phénomènes. D’une part, les penseurs des Lumières, remettant en cause les formes révélées et arbitraires de l’autorité, font de la gloire un processus de reconnaissance du mérite susceptible d’ordonner une société harmonieuse et juste. D’autre part, le XVIIIe siècle voit l’émergence d’une culture de la célébrité qui favorise la multiplication des personnalités connues, en particulier issues du milieu des lettres et des arts de la capitale. Plutôt que de distinguer des individus dont le mérite et les accomplissements utiles suscitent l’admiration unanime, comme le voudrait l’économie de la gloire, la célébrité s’alimente, entre autres, de la controverse, du dévoilement de la vie privée et de la consommation du divertissement. Dès son avènement, elle est largement perçue comme un facteur de décadence morale et un symptôme d’appauvrissement culturel. Cette étude propose une incursion dans les discours moraux (traités de morale, observations sur les mœurs), esthétiques (palmarès allégoriques, ouvrages sur le goût) et biographiques (ana, almanachs satiriques) qui ont participé à l’élaboration, à la promotion et à la critique d’économies de la reconnaissance publique. En analysant une sélection de textes publiés sur une période d’environ 150 ans, entre la Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes et le premier tiers du XIXe siècle, je montre la cohérence de fond et les articulations de ces réflexions qui portent, en définitive, sur le genre d’ordre (littéraire, social ou politique) que l’on voudrait consolider ou voir advenir. Elles ouvrent en retour une perspective sur la spécificité de ce moment charnière, marqué entre autres par la déstructuration des hiérarchies traditionnelles et l’affirmation de l’individu comme sujet moral autonome. La thèse contribue à l’historicisation de la culture de la célébrité moderne en l’abordant par le biais des représentions et des luttes symboliques qu’elle suscite. Alors que la célébrité a été théorisée comme un phénomène médiatique qui instaure en particulier un rapport d’intimité à distance entre les personnes célèbres et le public, je montre qu’elle était largement interprétée à l’époque comme une dérégulation de l’économie affective de la gloire. Cette dernière repose sur une théorie du sentiment moral qui permet de reconnaître de manière naturelle le vrai mérite et de résoudre, avec le temps, la tension entre la relativité des opinions et l’objectivité des valeurs. La célébrité avive au contraire des passions, telles l’envie, l’ambition et la cupidité, qui poussent à fabriquer une reconnaissance immédiate et non méritée. Alors que s’affirme une compréhension systémique de ses mécanismes au sein d’une critique des mœurs de la société de l’élite parisienne, la célébrité se voit inscrite dans un ensemble cohérent de manifestations esthétiques et socioculturelles, incluant la mode, le luxe, le bel-esprit, le rococo, la satire, le persiflage, les lectures légères, les cabales et les spectacles. This dissertation examines how and why normative issues about public recognition developed in Enlightenment France. It shows that this question gained significance during the transitional period towards modernity as two important phenomena intersected. On the one hand, Enlightenment thinkers – who questioned the arbitrary foundations of authority – made glory into a process of recognition based on merit, which, in turn, could engender a harmonious and just society. On the other hand, the century saw the advent of a celebrity culture, which enabled the multiplication of famed individuals, especially emanating from the capital’s arts and literary circles. Instead of distinguishing individuals whose merit and useful accomplishments gave rise to unanimous admiration, as the economy of glory would demand, celebrity built upon things such as controversies, revelations about private lives, and the consumption of entertainment. From its inception, celebrity was perceived as a contributing factor to moral degeneracy and as a sign of cultural decay. This dissertation examines moral, aesthetic, and biographical texts that contributed to the creation, promotion, and critique of the economies of public recognition. An analysis of these texts published over a 150-year period – from the Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes to the first third of the nineteenth century – sheds light on their arguments with regards to the type of order (literary, social, or political) that they hoped to consolidate or engender. These texts offer a unique view into the particularities of this defining moment shaped by the elimination of traditional hierarchies and the advent of individuals as autonomous moral subjects. This dissertation historicises modern celebrity culture through an examination of its representations and of the conflicts it generated. Although celebrity has been theorized as a media phenomenon that creates a relationship of intimacy between famed individuals and the public, this study shows that, during the period in question, it was largely conceived as a deregulation of glory’s economy of feelings. This economy was based on a theory of moral sentiments that enabled the natural recognition of true merit, and that would, in due course, solve the tension between the subjectivity of opinions and the objectivity of values. To the contrary, celebrity fuelled passions – such as envy, ambition, and greed – which prompted the creation of immediate and undeserved renown. Celebrity was inscribed in a coherent set of aesthetic and sociocultural manifestations – including, fashion, rococo, bel esprit, satire, persiflage, light reading, cabals, and spectacles – while its systematic definition took shape through a critique of elite mores.

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    Authors: Chapdelaine, Maude;

    Ce mémoire porte sur l'exploitation de la faune par les habitants du site McDonald de la région de Saint-Anicet. L'objectif principal est de caractériser la place des mammifères dans l’économie mixte des Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent à un moment où l’horticulture gagne en popularité. L’étude de l’assemblage faunique a permis de déterminer que le cerf de Virginie, l’ours noir et le castor du Canada sont les principaux taxons mammaliens qui contribuent de façon économique, technologique et symbolique à l’économie de subsistance des habitants du site McDonald. Cette étude a été menée en intégrant des statistiques descriptives propres à la zooarchéologie telles que le nombre de restes déterminés (NRD), le nombre minimal d’individus (NMI) et le poids de viande (PV) avec des sources d’informations connexes telles que des documents ethnohistoriques, des guides fauniques et des statistiques gouvernementales. Ce travail utilise également l’analyse de la distribution spatiale des restes squelettiques qui montre une répartition des matières dures animales majoritairement alignée dans l’axe central des maisons-longues. La distribution spatiale des taxons montre quant à elle une homogénéité dans la dispersion des animaux entre les maisons-longues, ainsi qu’une répartition relativement égalitaire des ressources carnées entre les unités familiales. L’analyse des concentrations révèle même un esprit de collaboration entre les unités familiales contiguës. De plus, le spectre de faune tend à démontrer une occupation annuelle du site, ce qui corrobore l’analyse céramique et l’analyse des cultigènes. Finalement, en comparant le NRD et le NMI mammalien du site McDonald avec sept autres sites contemporains, l’analyse faunique démontre que les ressources mammaliennes sont en décroissance dans l’alimentation des Iroquoiens entre le début du 14e siècle et la première moitié du 16e siècle, période qui correspond justement à l’essor de l’horticulture (maïs, haricot, courge) au sein de la diète iroquoienne, ce qui caractérise l’économie mixte de la période du Sylvicole supérieur. This thesis explores patterns of faunal exploitation habits at the McDonald site, in the Saint-Anicet area during the Late Woodland period. The main goal is to determine the importance of wild game in the Iroquoian economical system which is based on the balance of fishing, hunting and horticulture. The result of the faunal analysis shows that White-Tailed Deer, North American Black Bear and North American Beaver are the most important taxa contributing to the subsistence economy of the inhabitants of the site. This was determined by standard zooarchaeological methods, including calculation of the number of identified specimens (NISP), the minimum number of individuals (MNI), meat weight (MW) and ethnohistorical data. This thesis also discusses the spatial distribution of animal skeletal remains, comparing meat consumption patterns within each family unity inside the longhouses and within and between each longhouse. This comparison shows that faunal remains are mostly located in the central alignment of longhouses and are homogeneously distributed. The taxa distributed within the longhouses suggest relatively equalitarian access to animal resources. Analysis of the bone concentrations shows a collaborative tendency between family units within the community. Furthermore, the faunal assemblage tends to show an annual occupation of the site. Sedentary occupation of the site is also supported by ceramic analysis and cultigen analysis. Finally, we compare the mammal NISP and MNI of the McDonald's site with seven other contemporaneous archaeological sites from the region. This comparison shows that mammalian resources declined in importance in the Iroquoian diet between the beginning of the 14th century and the first part of the 16th century, probably due to the adoption of horticulture.

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    Authors: Andreadakis, Eftichia;

    Selon la théorie de l’auto-détermination, l’autonomie est un besoin universel de base qui, lorsque soutenu, permet aux individus de mieux fonctionner et de vivre plus de bien-être psychologique (p. ex., Deci & Ryan, 2008). Le style parental des parents qui soutiennent l’autonomie de leur enfant est caractérisé par le soutien du fonctionnement autodéterminé de ce dernier. Sa définition traditionnelle inclut des pratiques telles qu’offrir des explications et des choix lors des requêtes, communiquer de l’empathie, et encourager les prises d’initiatives tout en minimisant l’utilisation d’un langage contrôlant (p. ex., Soenens et al., 2007). Les bénéfices d’un style parental qui soutient l’autonomie d’un enfant ont été bien documentés (p. ex., Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997), toutefois, peu d’études ont été effectuées auprès des bambins. Or, cette thèse visait à enrichir la littérature sur le « parentage » en explorant les pratiques soutenantes qui sont utilisées par des parents de bambins dans un contexte de socialisation (étude 1), ainsi qu’en examinant les facteurs qui peuvent brimer leur mise en pratique (étude 2). La première étude a examiné un grand nombre de pratiques de socialisation que les parents qui favorisent davantage le soutien à l’autonomie (SA) pourraient utiliser plus fréquemment lorsqu’ils font des demandes à leurs bambins. Cette étude nous a permis d’explorer comment les parents manifestent leur SA et si le SA dans ce type de contexte est associé à un plus grand niveau d’internalisation des règles. Des parents (N = 182) de bambins (M âge = 27.08 mois) ont donc été invités à rapporter la fréquence avec laquelle ils utilisent 26 pratiques potentiellement soutenantes lorsqu’ils demandent à leurs bambins de compléter des tâches importantes mais non intéressantes et de rapporter à quel point ils valorisent le SA. Huit pratiques ont été identifiées comme étant soutenantes: quatre façons de communiquer de l’empathie, donner des explications courtes, expliquer pourquoi la tâche est importante, décrire le problème de façon informative et neutre, et mettre en pratique le comportement désiré soi-même. De plus, l’ensemble des huit pratiques corrélait positivement avec le niveau d’internalisation des bambins, suggérant aussi que celles-ci représentent bien le concept du SA. Des études futures pourraient tenter de répliquer ces résultats dans des contextes potentiellement plus chargés ou ébranlants (p. ex., réagir face à des méfaits, avec des enfants souffrant de retard de développement). La deuxième étude a poursuivi l’exploration du concept du SA parental en examinant les facteurs qui influencent la fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies soutenantes dans des contextes de socialisation. Puisque la littérature suggère que le stress parental et le tempérament difficile des bambins (c.-à-d., plus haut niveau d’affectivité négative, plus faible niveau de contrôle volontaire/autorégulation, plus faible niveau de surgency) comme étant des facteurs de risque potentiels, nous avons exploré de quelle façon ces variables étaient associées à la fréquence d’utilisation des stratégies soutenantes. Les buts de l’étude étaient: (1) d’examiner comment le tempérament des bambins et le stress parental influençaient le SA parental, et (2) de vérifier si le stress parental médiait la relation possible entre le tempérament des bambins et le SA parental. Le même échantillon de parents a été utilisé. Les parents ont été invités à répondre à des questions portant sur le tempérament de leur enfant ainsi que sur leur niveau de stress. Les résultats ont démontré qu’un plus grand niveau d’affectivité négative était associé à un plus grand niveau de stress parental, qui à son tour prédisait moins de SA parental. De plus, le stress parental médiait la relation positive entre l’autorégulation du bambin et le SA parental. Des recherches futures pourraient évaluer des interventions ayant pour but d’aider les parents à préserver leur attitude soutenante durant des contextes de socialisation plus difficiles malgré certaines caractéristiques tempéramentales exigeantes des bambins, en plus du stress qu’ils pourraient vivre au quotidien. According to self-determination theory, psychological autonomy is a basic, universal need that, when supported, enables individuals to function more positively and experience greater psychological well-being (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2008). Parenting that supports the autonomy of a child is classically defined as the parental support for their self-determined functioning and includes practices such as providing rationales and choices for requests, communicating empathy, and encouraging initiatives while using non-controlling language (e.g., Soenens et al., 2007). The benefits of autonomy-supportive parenting have been well-documented (e.g., Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1997) however, few studies to date have been conducted with toddlers. The present thesis thus sought to enrich the parenting literature by exploring what autonomy-supportive parenting practices are used by parents of toddlers in a socialization context (Study 1) and by examining the factors that may hinder their use (Study 2). The first study examined a wide range of socialization practices that parents who favoured AS to a greater extent may use more frequently when making requests to their toddlers. The study allowed us to explore how parents manifest AS towards their toddlers and whether AS in this context is associated with greater rule internalization. Parents (N = 182) of toddlers (M age = 27.08 months) were thus asked to report the frequency at which they used 26 potentially autonomy-supportive practices when asking their toddlers to complete important yet uninteresting activities and the extent to which they valued AS. Eight practices were identified as being autonomy-supportive: four forms of communicating empathy, providing short rationales, explaining why the task is important, giving an informational and neutral description of the problem, and modeling the desired behaviour. The set of eight practices was positively associated with toddlers’ level of internalization, further suggesting that they embodied the concept of AS. Future studies may seek to replicate these findings in more potentially volatile or distressing contexts (e.g., reacting to misdeeds, with children with developmental delays). The second study extended the results further by examining what factors influenced the use of parental AS in socialization contexts. Since the literature points to parental stress and toddler difficult temperament (i.e., higher levels of negative affectivity, lower levels of effortful control, and lower levels of surgency) as possible risk factors, we explored how they related to the frequency of use of autonomy-supportive practices. The goals of the study were: (1) to examine how toddlers’ temperament and parental stress influenced parental AS, and (2) to verify if parental stress played a mediating role in the putative relationship between toddlers’ temperament and parental AS. Using the same sample, parents were asked to answer questions regarding their toddler’s temperament and their own stress levels. The results showed that greater child negative affectivity was associated with greater parental stress, which in turn predicted lower parental AS. Moreover, parental stress partially mediated the positive relationship between child effortful control and parental AS. Future research could investigate possible interventions that aim to help parents preserve their autonomy-supportive stance during challenging socialization contexts, in the face of exacting child temperamental characteristics, and in addition to the stress brought on by daily life.

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    Authors: Amarante, Massimiliano; Ghossoub, Mario; Phelps, Edmund;

    Empirical evidence suggests that ambiguity is prevalent in insurance pricing and underwriting, and that often insurers tend to exhibit more ambiguity than the insured individuals (e.g., Hogarth and Kunreuther (1989)). Motivated by these findings, we consider a problem of demand for insurance indemnity schedules, where the insurer has ambiguous beliefs about the realizations of the insurable loss, whereas the insured is an expected-utility maximizer. We show that if the ambiguous beliefs of the insurer satisfy a property of compatibility with the non-ambiguous beliefs of the insured, then optimal indemnity schedules exist and are monotonic. By virtue of monotonicity, no ex-post moral hazard issues arise at our solutions (e.g., Huberman, Mayers, and Smith (1983)). In addition, in the case where the insurer is either ambiguity-seeking or ambiguity-averse, we show that the problem of determining the optimal indemnity schedule reduces to that of solving an auxiliary problem that is simpler than the original one in that it does not involve ambiguity. Finally, under additional assumptions, we give an explicit characterization of the optimal indemnity schedule for the insured, and we show how our results naturally extend the classical result of Arrow on the optimality of the deductible indemnity schedule.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2015
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      Article . 2015
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