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Nexus file for phylogenetic analysis. (ZIP 7 kb)

Additional file 3: Table S2. Summary of the Illumina sequencing data.

This dataset contains key characteristics about the data described in the Data Descriptor Geolocation of unpublished archaeological sites in the Peruvian Amazon. Contents: 1. human readable metadata summary table in CSV format 2. machine readable metadata file in JSON format

Gene Ontology (GO) process category enrichments for the NQP and prion prediction data sets from human (the same sets that are analyzed in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4). These are derived using the website GOrilla [52]. (TXT 3 kb)

Cox models are commonly used in the analysis of time to event data. One advantage of Cox models is the ability to include time-varying covariates, often a binary covariate that codes for the occurrence of an event that affects an individual subject. A common assumption in this case is that the effect of the event on the outcome of interest is constant and permanent for each subject. In this paper we propose a modification to the Cox model to allow the influence of an event to exponentially decay over time. Methods for generating data using the inverse cumulative density function for the proposed model are developed. Likelihood ratio tests and AIC are investigated as methods for comparing the proposed model to the commonly used permanent exposure model. A more general model proposed by Cox and Oakes [1] is also discussed. A simulation study is performed and three different data sets are presented as examples.

Complete set of 739 unique cyclodipeptide synthases identified in a global analysis of publicly available prokaryotic genomes. (XLSX 144Â kb)

Recent studies have reported beneficial carryover effects of juvenile development that predict interspecific survival differences at independence. Yet, traits relating to body size (i.e. morphological traits) have proven to be unreliable predictors of juvenile survival within species. Exploring individual variation of growth trajectories and how they covary with physiology could reveal species-specific developmental modes which have implications for our assessments of juvenile quality. Here, we investigated morphological development of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) approaching fledging in relation to three components of physiological condition at independence: aerobic capacity, energy state and oxidative status. We found evidence of flexible mass and wing growth which independently covaried with fledgling energy state and aerobic capacity, respectively. By comparison, tarsus and wing length at fledging were unrelated to any physiological trait, while mass was positively associated with principal component scores that comprised aerobic capacity and energy state. Thus, flexible growth trajectories were consistent with ‘developmental plasticity’: adaptive pre-fledging mass recession and compensatory wing growth, which seemingly came at a physiological cost, while fledgling body mass positively reflected overall physiological condition. This highlights how patterns of growth and absolute size may differently reflect fledgling physiology, potentially leading to variable relationships between morphological traits and juvenile fitness.

Alignment-based metrics for reverse transcriptase comparisons. Table S2. Alignment-based metrics for the size selection experiment. Table S3. Alignment-based metrics for the comparison of library construction kits. Table S4. Alignment-based metrics for the intermediate ssRNA-seq pipeline. The protocol evaluated includes all changes (1st strand cDNA synthesis, optimal bead purifications, new library construction chemistry with modified ligation condition, bead-based size selection, and UNG treatment) with the exception of the mRNA isolation improvements. Table S5. Alignment-based metrics for the final ssRNA-seq pipeline using UHR. Table S6. Alignment-based metrics for the final ssRNA-seq pipeline using tumor samples. (XLS 62Â kb)

Additional file 4: Table S3. A. Results for 34 independent ARIC Discovery Meta-Analysis identified mtDNA-CN associated CpGs across all studied cohorts and Validation Meta-Analysis/All Cohort Meta-Analysis. Validation meta-analysis included CHS AA, CHS EA and FHS EA cohorts (P

Targets for goal-directed action can be encoded in allocentric coordinates (relative to another visual landmark), but it is not known how these are converted into egocentric commands for action. Here, we investigated this using a slow event-related fMRI paradigm, based on our previous behavioral finding that the Allocentric to Egocentric (Allo-Ego) conversion for reach is done at the first possible opportunity. Participants were asked to remember (and eventually reach toward) the location of a briefly presented target relative to another visual landmark. After a 1st memory delay, participants were forewarned by a verbal instruction if the landmark would reappear at the same location, (potentially allowing them to plan a reach following the auditory cue before the 2nd delay), or at a different location where they had to wait for the final landmark to be presented before response, and then reach toward the remembered target location. As predicted, participants showed landmark-centered directional selectivity in occipital-temporal cortex during the first memory delay, only developed egocentric directional selectivity in occipital-parietal cortex during the second delay for the “Same cue” task, and during response for the “Different cue” task. We then compared cortical activation between these two tasks at the times when the Allo-Ego conversion occurred, and found common activation in right precuneus, right pre-supplementary area and bilateral dorsal premotor cortex. These results confirm that the brain converts allocentric codes to egocentric plans at the first possible opportunity, and identify the four most likely candidate sites specific to the Allo-Ego transformation for reaches.