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Super-Kamiokande. A comprehensive study on the atmospheric neutrino flux in the energy region from sub-GeV up to several TeV using the Super-Kamiokande water Cherenkov detector is presented in this paper. The energy and azimuthal spectra of the atmospheric ${\nu}_e+{\bar{\nu}}_e$ and ${\nu}_{\mu}+{\bar{\nu}}_{\mu}$ fluxes are measured. The energy spectra are obtained using an iterative unfolding method by combining various event topologies with differing energy responses. The azimuthal spectra depending on energy and zenith angle, and their modulation by geomagnetic effects, are also studied. A predicted east-west asymmetry is observed in both the ${\nu}_e$ and ${\nu}_{\mu}$ samples at 8.0 ${\sigma}$ and 6.0 ${\sigma}$ significance, respectively, and an indication that the asymmetry dipole angle changes depending on the zenith angle was seen at the 2.2 ${\sigma}$ level. The measured energy and azimuthal spectra are consistent with the current flux models within the estimated systematic uncertainties. A study of the long-term correlation between the atmospheric neutrino flux and the solar magnetic activity cycle is also performed, and a weak indication of a correlation was seen at the 1.1 ${\sigma}$ level, using SK I-IV data spanning a 20 year period. For particularly strong solar activity periods known as Forbush decreases, no theoretical prediction is available, but a deviation below the typical neutrino event rate is seen at the 2.4 ${\sigma}$ level. Muon neutrino flux measured by SK I-IV data. Error written in percentage including both statistical and systematic uncertainties.

KEK. The T2K off-axis near detector, ND280, is used to make the first differential cross section measurements of muon neutrino charged current single positive pion production on a water target at energies ${\sim}0.8$ GeV. The differential measurements are presented as a function of muon and pion kinematics, in the restricted phase-space defined by $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/c, $p_{\mu^-} > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos\theta_{\pi^+} > 0.3$ and $\cos\theta_{\mu^-} > 0.3$. The total flux integrated $\nu_\mu$ charged current single positive pion production cross section on water in the restricted phase-space is measured to be $\langle\sigma\rangle_\phi=4.25\pm0.48~(\mathrm{stat})\pm1.56~(\mathrm{syst})\times10^{-40}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{nucleon}$. Data points taken from attached tar file available at http://t2k-experiment.org/results/. Unfolded $\nu_\mu$ CC1$\pi^+$ differential cross section as a function of $p_\pi$ in the reduced phase-space of $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/$c$, $p_\mu > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos(\theta_{\pi^+}) > 0.3$ and $\cos(\theta_\mu) > 0.3$.

Super-Kamiokande. A comprehensive study on the atmospheric neutrino flux in the energy region from sub-GeV up to several TeV using the Super-Kamiokande water Cherenkov detector is presented in this paper. The energy and azimuthal spectra of the atmospheric ${\nu}_e+{\bar{\nu}}_e$ and ${\nu}_{\mu}+{\bar{\nu}}_{\mu}$ fluxes are measured. The energy spectra are obtained using an iterative unfolding method by combining various event topologies with differing energy responses. The azimuthal spectra depending on energy and zenith angle, and their modulation by geomagnetic effects, are also studied. A predicted east-west asymmetry is observed in both the ${\nu}_e$ and ${\nu}_{\mu}$ samples at 8.0 ${\sigma}$ and 6.0 ${\sigma}$ significance, respectively, and an indication that the asymmetry dipole angle changes depending on the zenith angle was seen at the 2.2 ${\sigma}$ level. The measured energy and azimuthal spectra are consistent with the current flux models within the estimated systematic uncertainties. A study of the long-term correlation between the atmospheric neutrino flux and the solar magnetic activity cycle is also performed, and a weak indication of a correlation was seen at the 1.1 ${\sigma}$ level, using SK I-IV data spanning a 20 year period. For particularly strong solar activity periods known as Forbush decreases, no theoretical prediction is available, but a deviation below the typical neutrino event rate is seen at the 2.4 ${\sigma}$ level. Electron neutrino flux measured by SK I-IV data. Error written in percentage including both statistical and systematic uncertainties.

KEK. The T2K off-axis near detector, ND280, is used to make the first differential cross section measurements of muon neutrino charged current single positive pion production on a water target at energies ${\sim}0.8$ GeV. The differential measurements are presented as a function of muon and pion kinematics, in the restricted phase-space defined by $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/c, $p_{\mu^-} > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos\theta_{\pi^+} > 0.3$ and $\cos\theta_{\mu^-} > 0.3$. The total flux integrated $\nu_\mu$ charged current single positive pion production cross section on water in the restricted phase-space is measured to be $\langle\sigma\rangle_\phi=4.25\pm0.48~(\mathrm{stat})\pm1.56~(\mathrm{syst})\times10^{-40}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{nucleon}$. Data points taken from attached tar file available at http://t2k-experiment.org/results/. Unfolded $\nu_\mu$ CC1$\pi^+$ differential cross section as a function of $\cos\theta_{\mu,\pi}$ in the reduced phase-space of $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/$c$, $p_\mu > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos(\theta_{\pi^+}) > 0.3$ and $\cos(\theta_\mu) > 0.3$.

KEK. The T2K off-axis near detector, ND280, is used to make the first differential cross section measurements of muon neutrino charged current single positive pion production on a water target at energies ${\sim}0.8$ GeV. The differential measurements are presented as a function of muon and pion kinematics, in the restricted phase-space defined by $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/c, $p_{\mu^-} > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos\theta_{\pi^+} > 0.3$ and $\cos\theta_{\mu^-} > 0.3$. The total flux integrated $\nu_\mu$ charged current single positive pion production cross section on water in the restricted phase-space is measured to be $\langle\sigma\rangle_\phi=4.25\pm0.48~(\mathrm{stat})\pm1.56~(\mathrm{syst})\times10^{-40}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{nucleon}$. Data points taken from attached tar file available at http://t2k-experiment.org/results/. Unfolded $\nu_\mu$ CC1$\pi^+$ differential cross section as a function of $p_\mu$ in the reduced phase-space of $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/$c$, $p_\mu > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos(\theta_{\pi^+}) > 0.3$ and $\cos(\theta_\mu) > 0.3$.

In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. To support the physical interpretation and modeling, the EHT Collaboration partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength (MWL) campaign. We release the processed data from MWL observations of M87 in easily downloadable formats, as a legacy product of the EHT 2017 campaign on M87. In the paper associated with this data release, The EHT MWL Science Working Group et al. (2021), we present the most complete simultaneous, MWL spectrum of the active nucleus to date, as well as discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into a single broadband spectrum. In addition to the MWL spectrum as the primary data product, we also release machine-readable versions of other tables presented in the Appendix of the paper, intermediate data products of the X-ray analysis, and sampled posteriors of X-ray and MWL model parameters. A brief description of MWL observations and data processing is provided within the repository with further details presented in the associated paper.Please cite both the paper and the repository if using these data products in your publication.

Dataset contains supplementary information (model inputs and/or outputs and literature values) for Section 4.1 (idealized acidity calculations), Section 4.2 (box model calculations of pH for ambient conditions), Section 7.1 (observed aerosol pH values), Section 7.2 (observed cloud pH values), and Section 8.1 (CMAQ hemispheric predictions).

KEK. The T2K off-axis near detector, ND280, is used to make the first differential cross section measurements of muon neutrino charged current single positive pion production on a water target at energies ${\sim}0.8$ GeV. The differential measurements are presented as a function of muon and pion kinematics, in the restricted phase-space defined by $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/c, $p_{\mu^-} > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos\theta_{\pi^+} > 0.3$ and $\cos\theta_{\mu^-} > 0.3$. The total flux integrated $\nu_\mu$ charged current single positive pion production cross section on water in the restricted phase-space is measured to be $\langle\sigma\rangle_\phi=4.25\pm0.48~(\mathrm{stat})\pm1.56~(\mathrm{syst})\times10^{-40}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{nucleon}$. Data points taken from attached tar file available at http://t2k-experiment.org/results/. Unfolded $\nu_\mu$ CC1$\pi^+$ differential cross section as a function of $\cos\theta_\mu$ in the reduced phase-space of $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/$c$, $p_\mu > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos(\theta_{\pi^+}) > 0.3$ and $\cos(\theta_\mu) > 0.3$.

This dataset contains occurrence records (i.e., species name, latitude, longitude, depth (where available), and metadata) for six species of the demosponge genus Geodia Lamarck, 1815, belonging to the Geodiidae family: Geodia atlantica (Stephens, 1915); Geodia barretti Bowerbank, 1858; Geodia macandrewii Bowerbank, 1858; Geodia phlegraei (Sollas, 1880); Geodia hentscheli Cárdenas et al. 2010; and Geodia parva Hansen, 1885. The records fall in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, and are used/described in the linked article by Roberts et al. (2021). Note that the dataset provided has not been subjected to any of the filtering stages applied in that manuscript for the purposes of various novel biogeographical analyses (i.e., it is original and complete), and the taxonomic identifications have been rigorously checked (as described therein).Definitions of institution abbreviations used in the 'Museum Specimen / Picture Information' column of the dataset spreadsheet have been provided in an accompanying table (see Comment field below). Where records are derived from earlier literature sources, full references for citations given in the 'Campaign / Source' column (and further general information on many of the records) may be found in the articles by Cárdenas et al. (2010; 2013) and Cárdenas & Rapp (2015). An earlier version of this dataset may be accessed at the DRYAD repository:Cárdenas P, Rapp HT, Klitgaard AB, Best M, Thollesson M, Tendal OS (2013), Data from: Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region, Dryad, Dataset, doi:10.5061/dryad.td8sb Abbreviation => Full NameBIO => Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, NS, CanadaCGB => Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, NorwayDFO => Fisheries and Oceans CanadaIEO => Spanish Institute of OceanographyMNHN => National Museum of Natural History, Paris, FranceNHM => Natural History Museum, London, UKNMID => National Museum of Ireland, DublinNTNU-VM => NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, NorwayPC => Private Collection (Dr. Paco Cárdenas, unless otherwise stated)RMNH => National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, NetherlandsSMNH => Swedish Museum of Natural History, StockholmUiB => University of Bergen, NorwayUPSZMC => Zoological Museum of Uppsala, SwedenZMAPOR => Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, NetherlandsZMB => Natural History Museum, Berlin, GermanyZMBN => University Museum of Bergen, NorwayZMO => University of Oslo Natural History Museum, NorwayZMUC => Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark

KEK. The T2K off-axis near detector, ND280, is used to make the first differential cross section measurements of muon neutrino charged current single positive pion production on a water target at energies ${\sim}0.8$ GeV. The differential measurements are presented as a function of muon and pion kinematics, in the restricted phase-space defined by $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/c, $p_{\mu^-} > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos\theta_{\pi^+} > 0.3$ and $\cos\theta_{\mu^-} > 0.3$. The total flux integrated $\nu_\mu$ charged current single positive pion production cross section on water in the restricted phase-space is measured to be $\langle\sigma\rangle_\phi=4.25\pm0.48~(\mathrm{stat})\pm1.56~(\mathrm{syst})\times10^{-40}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{nucleon}$. Data points taken from attached tar file available at http://t2k-experiment.org/results/. Unfolded $\nu_\mu$ CC1$\pi^+$ differential cross section as a function of $E_\nu^{\rm rec}$ ($\mu$, $\pi$) in the reduced phase-space of $p_{\pi^+} > 200$ MeV/$c$, $p_\mu > 200$ MeV/c, $\cos(\theta_{\pi^+}) > 0.3$ and $\cos(\theta_\mu) > 0.3$.