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Plants as sessile organisms use calcium ions (Ca2+) as secondary messengers to respond to biotic and abiotic stimuli. In order to interpret Ca2+ signatures, plants process many Ca2+ sensor proteins, including the large family of Calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs). The functions of most CMLs in plants remains unclear. CML13 is a biochemically-unique CML whose role in cells is unstudied but recent data from the Snedden Lab suggests it interacts with several cytoskeletal proteins and a class of transcriptional activators. To gain insight into CML13 function, I investigated the gene promoter activity of CML13 in transgenic Arabidopsis at different developmental stages and tissues using CML13-promoter--glucuronidase (GUS) reporter assays. I also explored the phenotype of a cml13 loss-of-function transgenic line. In seeds of cml13 plants, the germination rate was lower than wild-type (WT) plants in response to 1 µM ABA at 24 h and 48 h suggesting CML13 may function in ABA pathways regulating germination. Other than this sensitivity to ABA, cml13 plants did not show any observable phenotypic differences from WT throughout development under my growth conditions. In GUS assays of CML13pro::GUS plants, CML13 promoter activity was detected throughout Arabidopsis development in a variety of tissues. The broad distribution of CML13 may indicate involvement of CML13 in a fundamental or “housekeeping” cell process. The spatial promoter activity at points of lateral-root emergence, and points of probable vascular connection of lateral and parental roots, suggests CML13 may also function in developmental pathways under auxin control but this remains speculative. Collectively, my research suggests a broad expression pattern of CML13 in Arabidopsis and suggests future work should explore a role for CML13 in germination and root patterning.

The exam from COMM381 (Commerce) in December 2015

The exam from MINE324 (Mining Engineering) in April 2013

The exam from ELEC324 (Electrical Engineering) in April 2011

The exam from LAW160B (Faculty of Law) taught by Nicholas Bala in April 2021

The exam from MATH111 (Math) in April 2014

The exam from SOCY344 (Dept of Sociology) taught by Cynthia B Levine-Rasky in December 2017

The exam from ELEC374 (Electrical Engineering) in April 2016

The exam from COMM375 (Commerce) taught by Keith W Rogers in December 2016