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Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Understanding the causes and consequences of population phenotypic divergence is a central goal in ecology and evolution. Phenotypic divergence among populations can result from genetic divergence, phenotypic plasticity or a combination of the two. However, few studies have deciphered these mechanisms for populations geographically close and connected by gene flow, especially in the case of personality traits. In this study, we used a common garden experiment to explore the genetic basis of the phenotypic divergence observed between two blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) populations inhabiting contrasting habitats separated by 25 km, for two personality traits (exploration speed and handling aggression), one physiological trait (heart rate during restraint) and two morphological traits (tarsus length and body mass). Blue tit nestlings were removed from their population and raised in a common garden for up to five years. We then compared adult phenotypes between the two populations, as well as trait-specific Qst and Fst . Our results revealed differences between populations similar to those found in the wild, suggesting a genetic divergence for all traits. Qst - Fst comparisons revealed that the traits divergences likely result from dissimilar selection patterns rather than from genetic drift. Our study is one of the first to report a Qst - Fst comparison for personality traits and adds to the growing body of evidence that population genetic divergence is possible at a small scale for a variety of traits including behavioural traits. Data filesArchive.zip

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

This dataset provides wetland methane (CH4) emissions, their uncertainties and underlying CH4 flux densities north from 45 N using three different wetland maps. The data products are derived using data from several eddy covariance CH4 flux sites, random forest machine learning algorithms and three prescribed wetland maps. The data are at 0.5 by 0.5 deg or 1 by 1 deg resolution, depending on the wetland map used. The dataset covers years 2013 and 2014. CH4 flux densities are provided only for grid cells with > 5 % wetland coverage. The three data products are provided in netCDF format files (.nc). Please see more details in the attributes saved in the netCDF files. RF-DYPTOP.nc Upscaling based on DYPTOP dynamic wetland map. At 1 by 1 deg resolution. RF-GLWD.nc Upscaling using GLWD static wetland map. At 0.5 by 0.5 deg resolution. RF-PEATMAP.nc Upscaling using PEATMAP static wetland map. At 0.5 by 0.5 deg resolution. This dataset is related to Peltola et al. (2019) manuscript submitted to Earth System Science Data. Please cite this publication if you use this dataset in your work. Peltola, O., Vesala, T., Gao, Y., Räty, O., Alekseychik, P., Aurela, M., Chojnicki, B., Desai, A. R., Dolman, A. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Friborg, T., Göckede, M., Helbig, M., Humphreys, E., Jackson, R. B., Jocher, G., Joos, F., Klatt, J., Knox, S. H., Kowalska, N., Kutzbach, L., Lienert, S., Lohila, A., Mammarella, I., Nadeau, D. F., Nilsson, M. B., Oechel, W. C., Peichl, M., Pypker, T., Quinton, W., Rinne, J., Sachs, T., Samson, M., Schmid, H. P., Sonnentag, O., Wille, C., Zona, D., and Aalto, T.: Monthly Gridded Data Product of Northern Wetland Methane Emissions Based on Upscaling Eddy Covariance Observations, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-28, in review, 2019.