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Additional file 8: Supplementary Movie 1. Description: Time-lapse imaging of GFP-0N4R reporter cells seeded with S1 brain fractions including no seed-competent tau derived from aged non-transgenic mice. Images were obtained for 12 hours 30 min (10 min/frame for 75 frames). Scale bars, 10 μm.

A video showing the flash display game

Video6 THz vortex using STO sensor

Mouse photoreceptor mosaic imaged with AO-SLO.

Waptia fieldensis Walcott, 1912 [10] from the middle Cambrian (Series 3, Stage 5) Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada. Movie by Lars Fields.

In this video we observe the double-wing featured shown in figure 5 of the manuscript. The transmission of the waveguide increases for a liquid's RI of 1.602 matching the glass's. while on the other side, with a liquid of 1.604 matching the effective RI of the guided mode we observe a decrease in the transmission.

Additional file 19: Supplementary Movie 12. Description: Time-lapse imaging of GFP-0N4R reporter cells seeded with S1 brain fractions including pathogenic tau derived from aged TgTauP301L mice with neurological signs. Images were obtained for 16 hours (10 min/frame for 96 frames). Scale bars, 10 μm.

Mouse photoreceptor mosaic imaged with AO-SLO.

Rotational views of a live E8.5 YAP-emiRFP670 embryo.

Thousands of fungal species use surface energy to power the launch of their ballistospores. The surface energy is released when a spherical Buller's drop at the spore's hilar appendix merges with a flattened drop on the adaxial side of the spore. The launching mechanism is primarily understood in terms of energetic models, and crucial features such as launching directionality are unexplained. Integrating experiments and simulations, we advance a mechanistic model based on the capillary–inertial coalescence between the Buller's drop and the adaxial drop, a pair that is asymmetric in size, shape and relative position. The asymmetric coalescence is surprisingly effective and robust, producing a launching momentum governed by the Buller's drop and a launching direction along the adaxial plane of the spore. These key functions of momentum generation and directional control are elucidated by numerical simulations, demonstrated on spore-mimicking particles, and corroborated by published ballistospore kinematics. Our work places the morpho-logical and kinematic diversity of ballistospores into a general mechanical framework, and points to a generic catapulting mechanism of colloidal particles with implications for both biology and engineering.