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Chopping carcasses into segments for effective distribution and processing is an essential part of the butchery process from the distant past to the modern era. However, identification criteria, definitions, and experimental work pertaining to chop marks is lacking in the zooarchaeological literature. Butchery marks on archaeological faunal assemblages provide indirect evidence for utilitarian tool use related to food processing and mitigates the need for the physical presence of the tool itself. This thesis uses an experimental approach to determine the axe material type (bronze, copper, ground stone, or chipped stone) that created the prominent chop marks found on the Early Bronze Age faunal assemblage from Göltepe, Turkey. Experimentation shows that both width and sharpness of the axe are the major aspects of the chopping tool that effect the morphology of the chop mark. A thick, dull axe is more likely to crush the bone rather than cut through it, and often leaves the bone highly fragmented. A thin, sharp axe is more likely to cut through the bone with little to no crushing, and leaves a smooth sheared surface extending from the point of entry. All chop marks can be classified according to both their levels of crushing and shearing on a scale from 1-5. Chop marks falling between a Class 1 and a Class 3 were likely created by stone axes, whereas chop marks that fall between a Class 4 and Class 5 were likely created by metal axes. The experimental results indicate that metal axes created the majority of the chop marks on the Göltepe faunal assemblage even though no metal axes were recovered from the site. The extensive level of shearing on many of the chop marks and relatively high number of bronze artefacts recovered from Göltepe, suggest that the dominate material type for axe heads used for butchery were either bronze or arsenical-copper.

Are you currently a student at a university who does not have a career goal in mind? Did you think you might be in the wrong program? If you answered yes to either of these questions, you’re not the only one.

Bacterial contamination in groundwater is not often analyzed beyond local and regional scales. The presence of bacterial contaminants in the groundwater of southern Ontario has been observed, and several areas have been identified as being at higher relative risk of E. coli contamination (Krolik et al, 2013). This discovery by Public Health Ontario has prompted further research to evaluate relationships between observed levels of bacterial contamination and the geological setting of private wells. Using approximately 38,000 geocoded wells, statistical analysis was performed to compare overburden depth, soil texture, bedrock classification, and surficial deposit classification to observed levels of total coliform bacteria and E. coli. A very weak negative correlation was observed between overburden depth and E. coli, but not total coliform bacteria. One-Way ANOVA identified statistically significant differences among the means of total coliform bacteria counts in bedrock and surficial units, but not for E. coli. One-Way ANOVA identified statistically significant differences among the means of both total coliform bacteria and E. coli in wells situated in soils of different texture.

Constructivists employ a characteristic set of mainly qualitative methods in their work on international security. Over time, they have come – theoretically – to focus centrally on process; this has put a premium on methods that can capture and measure it. In early constructivist work, methods were not a high priority – but this has changed for the better. Unfortunately for these scholars, the social science world around them has not stood still. A revolution in qualitative methods means that constructivists students of international security will – methodologically – need in the future ‘to run harder simply to stay in place.’

Event booklet including aerial rendering of Elora Research Station - Dairy Facility.

Shared space, or shared streets, is an urban design approach encouraging pedestrians and drivers to share a common surface by minimizing segregation features. Advocates contend that the concept generates extensive social, cultural and economic benefits. Scholarship investigating schemes and purported benefits have been limited primarily to European and New Zealand applications. Identifying the need to study shared space operations in the Canadian context, this research offers a quantitative evaluation of road user behaviour and shared street performance on Granville Island in Vancouver, Canada. Utilizing video survey, data was collected at three diverse sample sites between December 2015 and February 2016. Data was analyzed using univariate and bivariate statistical analysis and overall shared space performance was quantified using the Karndacharuk (2014) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) index. The behavioural analysis revealed that the majority of pedestrian movements transpired outside the vehicle path and road space. Contiguous land uses were an important predictor of road user behaviour, as higher frequencies of pedestrians crossing the vehicle path were positively correlated with higher densities of commercial uses. Regression analysis calculated that vehicle path crossings were also a statistically significant predictor of vehicle speeds and interaction occurrences with vehicles. During interaction occurrences with vehicles, pedestrians were deemed to have priority. Regarding shared space performance, Granville Island managed both pedestrian and driver mobility effectively. Calculated performance in the Place function was substandard, as shared space design failed to inspire pedestrian reclamation of the street space. A key finding, the AHP index was recalibrated, enabling a custom, quantitative evaluation of pedestrian reclamation of road space on Granville Island. Results corroborated the importance of local traffic conditions noted in shared space literature. Future research should be undertaken to study the qualitative aspects of shared space on Granville Island, as well as an appraisal of street performance and road user behaviour under disparate conditions.

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