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Additional file 6: Fig. S6. Screen of FjoAcXEA activity towards selected pNP alkyl esters showing activity on short chain (

In this video we observe the double-wing featured shown in figure 5 of the manuscript. The transmission of the waveguide increases for a liquid's RI of 1.602 matching the glass's. while on the other side, with a liquid of 1.604 matching the effective RI of the guided mode we observe a decrease in the transmission.

Table S4. Location of HAM-TBS amplicons and primer sequences used to analyze FKBP5 CpGs. (XLSX 15 kb)

Triggers and biological processes controlling male or female gonadal differentiation vary in vertebrates, with sex determination governed by environmental factors or simple to complex genetic mechanisms that evolved repeatedly and independently in various groups. Here, we review sex evolution across major clades of vertebrates with information on sex determination, sexual development and reproductive modes. We offer an up-to-date review of divergence times, species diversity, genomic resources, genome size, occurrence and nature of polyploids, sex determination systems, sex chromosomes, sex-determining genes, dosage compensation and sex-biased gene expression. Advances in sequencing technologies now enable us to study the evolution of sex determination at broader evolutionary scales, and we now hope to pursue a sexomics integrative research initiative across vertebrates. The vertebrate sexome comprises interdisciplinary and integrated information on sexual differentiation, development and reproduction at all biological levels, from genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes, to the organs involved in sexual and sex-specific processes, including gonads, secondary sex organs and those with transcriptional sex-bias. The sexome also includes ontogenetic and behavioural aspects of sexual differentiation, including malfunction and impairment of sex determination, sexual differentiation and fertility. Starting from data generated by high-throughput approaches, we encourage others to contribute expertise to building understanding of the sexomes of many key vertebrate species.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)’.

Table S3. Cis acting methylation quantitative trait loci in the 40 genes highlighted in the EWAS. (XLS 31 kb)

This file contains code to model adaptive trade-offs across a species' range, and to produce Figs. 2 and 3.

Key enzymes for autotrophic pathways, and enzymes of reference set used for comparison of read mapping vs SwissProt database.

Previous research suggests that native listeners may be more tolerant to syntactic errors when they are produced in a foreign accent. However, studies investigating this topic within the semantic domain remain conflicting. The current study examined the effects of mispronunciations leading to semantic abnormality in foreign-accented speech. While their EEG was recorded, native speakers of Spanish listened to semantically correct and incorrect sentences produced by another native speaker and a native speaker of Chinese. The anomaly in the incorrect sentences was caused by a subtle mispronunciation (typical or atypical in Chinese-accented Spanish) during a critical word production. While initial-stage semantic processing yielded no accent-specific differences, late processing revealed a persistent N400-effect in the foreign-accent but not in the native-accent. These findings suggest that foreign-accented mispronunciations are more difficult to integrate than native-accented errors, regardless of their relative typicality. The distinction between syntactic and semantic processing of foreign-accented speech is discussed.

Dogs were present in the Americas prior to the arrival of European colonists, but the origin and fate of these pre-contact dogs are largely unknown. We sequenced 71 mitochondrial and seven nuclear genomes from ancient North American and Siberian dogs spanning ~9,000 years. Our analysis indicates that American dogs were not domesticated from North American wolves. Instead, American dogs form a monophyletic lineage that likely originated in Siberia and dispersed into the Americas alongside people. After the arrival of Europeans, native American dogs almost completely disappeared, leaving a minimal genetic legacy in modern dog populations. Remarkably, the closest detectable extant lineage to pre-contact American dogs is the canine transmissible venereal tumor, a contagious cancer clone derived from an individual dog that lived up to 8,000 years ago. Mitochondrial DNA FASTA fileFASTA file containing 1166 dog mtDNA genomes used in this studyfull_mtDNA_alignment.fastaNEXUS treeMaximum likelihood tree (RAxML) of 1166 dogs mtDNA genomes used in this studyfull_mtDNA_alignment.treExcel sheetPublication source of the 1166 mtDNA genomes used in this studyfull_mtDNA_alignment.xlsxPlink (bed) fileContains genotype for dogs 54 dogsfull_data.bedPlink file (bim)Contains genotype for 54 dogsfull_data.bimPlink file (fam)Contains genotype for 54 dogsfull_data.famNJ tree in Figure 2bNJ tree in Figure 2b (see Table S2 for more info)Figure_b.treNexus fileNexus file used for producing Figure S12 (MKV model in MrBayes)Binary_char_MKV.nexNEXUS treeBayesian tree in Figure S12 (see Table S2 for more info)Figure_S12.tre

Authors: Stoev et al. 2013 Data type: genomic The archive contains the following data: 1) fasta-Alignment as the basis for all analyses (.FASTA), 2) mega-file for the calculation of the genetic distances and the NJ tree (.MDSX), 3) NJ-tree in Newick format (.NWK), 4) graph of the TCS Software for the Statistical Parsimony method (.GRAPH) File: E_cavernicolus.rar