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This dataset is composed of CT pulmonary angiograms and annotations related to pulmonary embolism. It is available at https://www.rsna.org/education/ai-resources-and-training/ai-image-challenge/rsn...

Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento do pensamento algébrico ganha terreno em vários currículos dos anos iniciais, como é o caso da Austrália (MULLIGAN; CAVANAGH; KEANAN-BROWN, 2012) e dos Estados-Unidos. Essa ênfase se deve a uma corrente chamada Early Algebra que se interessa pelo desenvolvimento do pensamento algébrico desde a infância (BLANTON; KAPUT, 2011; CAI; KNUTH, 2011a; CARRAHER; SCHLIEMANN, 2007). No Brasil, o novo programa – BNCC (BRASIL, 2017) integra, de maneira explícita, o desenvolvimento de pensamento algébrico desde o 1º ano do ensino fundamental. Assim, para entender como esse desenvolvimento é contemplado na BNCC, esse artigo propõe analisar as tarefas prescritas na seção Álgebra da BNCC para o desenvolvimento do pensamento algébrico do 1° ao 5° ano do ensino fundamental, do ponto de vista da dupla abordagem didática e ergonómica (ROBERT; ROGALSKI, 2002). Para tal, fizemos uma pesquisa documental que teve como fonte a BNCC publicada em 2017. Uma análise qualitativa foi estruturada sobre os tipos de tarefas solicitadas e as variáveis associadas a cada uma das tarefas na unidade temática álgebra do 1° ao 5° ano. Os resultados mostram que a BNCC propõe uma trajetória rica e diversificada de tarefas, mobilizando diferentes variáveis que promoverão o desenvolvimento do pensamento algébrico..

The COnstrain Dark Energy with X-ray clusters (CODEX) sample contains the largest flux limited sample of X-ray clusters at $0.35 < z < 0.65$. It was selected from ROSAT data in the 10,000 square degrees of overlap with BOSS, mapping a total number of 2770 high-z galaxy clusters. We present here the full results of the CFHT CODEX program on cluster mass measurement, including a reanalysis of CFHTLS Wide data, with 25 individual lensing-constrained cluster masses. We employ $lensfit$ shape measurement and perform a conservative colour-space selection and weighting of background galaxies. Using the combination of shape noise and an analytic covariance for intrinsic variations of cluster profiles at fixed mass due to large scale structure, miscentring, and variations in concentration and ellipticity, we determine the likelihood of the observed shear signal as a function of true mass for each cluster. We combine 25 individual cluster mass likelihoods in a Bayesian hierarchical scheme with the inclusion of optical and X-ray selection functions to derive constraints on the slope $��$, normalization $��$, and scatter $��_{\ln ��| ��}$ of our richness-mass scaling relation model in log-space: $\left = ����+ ��$, with $��= \ln (M_{200c}/M_{\mathrm{piv}})$, and $M_{\mathrm{piv}} = 10^{14.81} M_{\odot}$. We find a slope $��= 0.49^{+0.20}_{-0.15}$, normalization $ \exp(��) = 84.0^{+9.2}_{-14.8}$ and $��_{\ln ��| ��} = 0.17^{+0.13}_{-0.09}$ using CFHT richness estimates. In comparison to other weak lensing richness-mass relations, we find the normalization of the richness statistically agreeing with the normalization of other scaling relations from a broad redshift range ($0.0 37 pages, 12 figures

Background: Bubonic plague is amongst the diseases with the highest potential for being used in biological warfare attacks today. This disease, caused by the bacterium Yersina pestis, is highly infectious and can achieve 100% of fatal victims when in its most dangerous form. Besides, there is no effective vaccine, and the chemotherapy available today against plague is ineffective if not administered at the beginning of the infection. Objective: Willing to contribute for changing this reality we propose here new phenylureas as candidates for the drug design against plague meant to target the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase from Y. pestis (YpDHFR). Methods: Seven phenylureas, four of them new, were synthesized, following synthetic routes adapted from procedures available in the literature, and using microwave irradiation. After, they were submitted to docking studies inside YpDHFR and human DHFR (HssDHFR) in order to check their potential as selective inhibitors. Results: Our results revealed four new phenylureas and a new synthetic route for this kind of molecule using microwave irradiation. Also, our docking studies showed that these compounds are capable of binding to both HssDHFR and YpDHFR, with U1 - U4 and U23 showing more selectivity for HssDHFR and U7, U8 being more selective towards YpDHFR. Conclusion: We reported the synthesis with good yields of seven phenylureas, following a simple and clean alternative synthetic route using microwave irradiation. Further molecular docking studies of our compounds suggested that two are capable of binding more selectivity to YpDHFR, qualifying as potential candidates for the drug design of new drugs against plague.

Autophagy, a self-defense mechanism, has been found to be associated with drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our study was designed to investigate the role and related mechanisms of autophagy in matrine-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells of HepG2 and Bel7402. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry analysis (Annexin V–FITC/PI double-staining assay), the activity and activating cleavages of caspase-3, -8, and -9. MTT assay and colony forming assay were used to assess the effect of matrine on growth and proliferation of HCC cells. Autophagic flux in HCC cells was analyzed using the expression of LC3BI/II and p62/SQSTM1, GFP-LC3 transfection, and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, regarding to the associated mechanisms, the effects of matrine on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR pathway and beclin-1 were studied. Our results showed that: (1) both autophagy and apoptosis could be induced by treatment with matrine; (2) using the autophagic inhibitor chloroquine and beclin-1 small-interfering RNA, cell apoptosis induced by matrine could be enhanced in a caspase-dependent manner; and (3) autophagy was induced via inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and up-regulation of beclin-1. In conclusion, inhibition of autophagy could enhance matrine-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells.

Orofacial clefts (OFCs), which include non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), are among the most common birth defects in humans, affecting approximately 1 in 700 newborns. CL/P is phenotypically heterogeneous and has a complex etiology caused by genetic and environmental factors. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified at least 15 risk loci for CL/P. As these loci do not account for all of the genetic variance of CL/P, we hypothesized the existence of additional risk loci. We conducted a multiethnic GWAS in 6480 participants (823 unrelated cases, 1700 unrelated controls and 1319 case-parent trios) with European, Asian, African and Central and South American ancestry. Our GWAS revealed novel associations on 2p24 near FAM49A, a gene of unknown function (P = 4.22 × 10-8), and 19q13 near RHPN2, a gene involved in organizing the actin cytoskeleton (P = 4.17 × 10-8). Other regions reaching genome-wide significance were 1p36 (PAX7), 1p22 (ARHGAP29), 1q32 (IRF6), 8q24 and 17p13 (NTN1), all reported in previous GWASs. Stratification by ancestry group revealed a novel association with a region on 17q23 (P = 2.92 × 10-8) among individuals with European ancestry. This region included several promising candidates including TANC2, an oncogene required for development, and DCAF7, a scaffolding protein required for craniofacial development. In the Central and South American ancestry group, significant associations with loci previously identified in Asian or European ancestry groups reflected their admixed ancestry. In summary, we have identified novel CL/P risk loci and suggest new genes involved in craniofacial development, confirming the highly heterogeneous etiology of OFCs. Orofacial clefts (OFCs), which include non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), are among the most common birth defects in humans, affecting approximately 1 in 700 newborns. CL/P is phenotypically heterogeneous and has a complex etiology caused by genetic and environmental factors. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified at least 15 risk loci for CL/P. As these loci do not account for all of the genetic variance of CL/P, we hypothesized the existence of additional risk loci. We conducted a multiethnic GWAS in 6480 participants (823 unrelated cases, 1700 unrelated controls and 1319 case-parent trios) with European, Asian, African and Central and South American ancestry. Our GWAS revealed novel associations on 2p24 near FAM49A, a gene of unknown function (P = 4.22 × 10(-8)), and 19q13 near RHPN2, a gene involved in organizing the actin cytoskeleton (P = 4.17 × 10(-8)). Other regions reaching genome-wide significance were 1p36 (PAX7), 1p22 (ARHGAP29), 1q32 (IRF6), 8q24 and 17p13 (NTN1), all reported in previous GWASs. Stratification by ancestry group revealed a novel association with a region on 17q23 (P = 2.92 × 10(-8)) among individuals with European ancestry. This region included several promising candidates including TANC2, an oncogene required for development, and DCAF7, a scaffolding protein required for craniofacial development. In the Central and South American ancestry group, significant associations with loci previously identified in Asian or European ancestry groups reflected their admixed ancestry. In summary, we have identified novel CL/P risk loci and suggest new genes involved in craniofacial development, confirming the highly heterogeneous etiology of OFCs.

Insufficient epigenetic reprogramming is incompatible with normal development of embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), but treatment with histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACi) enhances development of SCNT embryos. However, the mechanisms underpinning HDACi benefits in SCNT embryos remain largely uncharacterized. We hypothesized that, in addition to enhancing reprogramming, HDACi treatment may promote expression of genes not required for early development of SCNT embryos. To test this hypothesis, RNA synthesis was inhibited by treating bovine SCNT embryos with 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (DBR), which were concomitantly treated or not with Scriptaid (Scrip; an HDACi). Development to the blastocyst stage was significantly increased by treatment with Scrip alone (26.6%) or associated with DRB (28.6%) compared to Control (17.9%). The total number of nuclei was significantly improved only in embryos that were treated with both Scrip + DRB. Nuclear decondensation after SCNT was significantly increased by DRB treatment either alone or associated with Scrip. The relative mRNA expression, evaluated during the embryo genome activation (EGA) transition, revealed that some KDMs (KDM1A, KDM3A, KDM4C and KDM6A) and DNMT1 where prematurely expressed in Scrip-treated embryos. However, treatment with Scrip + DRB inhibited early mRNA expression of those genes, as well as several other KDMs (KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM5A, KDM5B, KDM5C and KDM7A) compared to embryos treated with Scrip alone. These findings revealed that HDACi improved development in SCNT embryos compared to Control, but altered the expression of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and did not improve embryo quality. Inhibition of RNA synthesis during HDACi treatment enhanced nuclear chromatin decondensation, modulated gene expression and improved SCNT embryo quality.

We present the results of structural and magnetic phase comparisons of the iron oxychalcogenides La$_{2}$O$_{2}$Fe$_{2}$O$M$$_{2}$ ($M$ = S, Se). Elastic neutron scattering reveals that $M$ = S and Se have similar nuclear structures at room and low temperatures. We find that both materials obtain antiferromagnetic ordering at a Neel temperature $T_{N}$ 90.1 $\pm$ 0.16 K and 107.2 $\pm$ 0.06 K for $M$= Se and S, respectively. The magnetic arrangements of $M$ = S, Se are obtained through Rietveld refinement. We find the order parameter exponent $\beta$ to be 0.129 $\pm$ 0.006 for $M$ = Se and 0.133 $\pm$ 0.007 for $M$ = S. Each of these values is near the Ising symmetry value of 1/8. This suggests that although lattice and electronic structural modifications result from chalcogen exchange, the nature of the magnetic interactions is similar in these materials.

- Renormalization Group (RG) is a powerful method for investigating quantum effects of matter fields on curved background. The formalism of RG in curved space is well known since 1984, but its applications to cosmology and black hole physics require more knowledge and opens a new interesting field of study. We review recent results about the derivation of renormalization group in a mass-dependent scheme and also consider ambiguities of conformal anomaly using dimensional and covariant Pauli-Villars regularizations.

Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the neurological/psychomotor development of children aged 0–5 years attending Child Education Centers in Brazil.Method: This develop...