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We have derived values of the Ultraviolet Index (UVI) at solar noon using the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Model (TUV) driven by ozone, temperature and aerosol fields from climate simulations of the first phase of the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). Since clouds remain one of the largest uncertainties in climate projections, we simulated only the clear-sky UVI. We compared the modelled UVI climatologies against present-day climatological values of UVI derived from both satellite data (the OMI-Aura OMUVBd product) and ground-based measurements (from the NDACC network). Depending on the region, relative differences between the UVI obtained from CCMI/TUV calculations and the ground-based measurements ranged between −5.9% and 10.6%. We then calculated the UVI evolution throughout the 21st century for the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5). Compared to 1960s values, we found an average increase in the UVI in 2100 (of 2–4%) in the tropical belt (30°N-30°S). For the mid-latitudes, we observed a 1.8 to 3.4 % increase in the Southern Hemisphere for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0, and found a 2.3% decrease in RCP 8.5. Higher increases in UVI are projected in the Northern Hemisphere except for RCP 8.5. At high latitudes, ozone recovery is well identified and induces a complete return of mean UVI levels to 1960 values for RCP 8.5 in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, UVI levels in 2100 are higher by 0.5 to 5.5% for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0 and they are lower by 7.9% for RCP 8.5. We analysed the impacts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) on UVI from 1960 by comparing CCMI sensitivity simulations (1960–2100) with fixed GHGs or ODSs at their respective 1960 levels. As expected with ODS fixed at their 1960 levels, there is no large decrease in ozone levels and consequently no sudden increase in UVI levels. With fixed GHG, we observed a delayed return of ozone to 1960 values, with a corresponding pattern of change observed on UVI, and looking at the UVI difference between 2090s values and 1960s values, we found an 8 % increase in the tropical belt during the summer of each hemisphere. Finally we show that, while in the Southern Hemisphere the UVI is mainly driven by total ozone column, in the Northern Hemisphere both total ozone column and aerosol optical depth drive UVI levels, with aerosol optical depth having twice as much influence on the UVI as total ozone column does.

Climate warming and related drivers of soil thermal change in the Arctic are expected to modify the distribution and dynamics of carbon contained in perennially frozen grounds. Thawing of permafrost in the Mackenzie Delta region of northwestern Canada, coupled with increases in river discharge and coastal erosion, trigger the release of terrestrial organic matter (OMt) from the largest Arctic drainage basin in North America into the Arctic Ocean. While this process is ongoing, well-established, and its rate is accelerating, the fate of the newly-mobilized organic matter, as it transits from the watershed through the delta and into the marine system, remains poorly understood. In the framework of the European Horizon 2020 Nunataryuk programme, and as part of the Work Package 4 (WP4) Coastal Waters theme, four field expeditions were conducted in the Mackenzie Delta region and southern Beaufort Sea from April to September 2019. The temporal sampling design allowed the survey of ambient conditions in the coastal waters under full ice cover prior to the spring freshet, during ice break-up in summer, as well as anterior to the freeze-up period in fall. To capture the fluvial-marine transition zone, and with distinct challenges related to shallow waters and changing seasonal and meteorological conditions, the field sampling was conducted in close partnership with members of the communities of Aklavik, Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, using several platforms: helicopters, snowmobiles and small boats. Water column profiles of physical and optical variables were measured in situ, while surface water, groundwater and sediment samples were collected and preserved for the determination of the composition and sources of OMt, including particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC, DOC), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), as well as a suite of physical, chemical and biological variables. Here we present an overview of the standardized datasets, including hydrographic profiles, remote sensing reflectance, temperature and salinity, particle absorption, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen, colored dissolved organic matter absorption, fluorescent dissolved organic matter intensity, suspended particulate matter, total particulate carbon, total particulate nitrogen, stable water isotopes, radon in water, bacterial abundance, and a string of phytoplankton pigments including total chlorophyll. Datasets and related metadata can be found in Juhls et al. 2021. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.937587.

In the breeding of broiler house, the proper use of lighting systems has great influence on the welfare and the productivity of the birds. The objective was to evaluate two artificial lighting systems used in broiler house in terms of the allocative efficiency of luminance. One of the broiler house was closed with black raffia bag (dark house), without thermal insulation (NTI) and its lighting was composed of incandescent, compact fluorescent light (LFCs) and light emitting diode (LED) bulbs. The other broiler house was closed with extruded polystyrene panels (XPS) and thermally insulated (TI), and its lighting was composed of compact fluorescent lamps. The influence of external light of sun inside the broiler house was analyzed by means of exhaust holes and the degree of distribution of illumination through statistical analyzes and the study of the distribution uniformity coefficient (DUC). Contour maps were prepared showing the degree of internal luminance distribution for each broiler house, specifically in the area that did not suffer interference from external natural sunlight. The results showed that natural lighting influenced the internal lighting across the last 18 meters at the end of the broiler house and there was a more homogeneous lighting in the broiler house TI. Al criar pollos de engorde, el uso adecuado de los programas de iluminación es un factor que influye directamente en el bienestar y la productividad de las aves. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar dos sistemas de iluminación artificial utilizados en aviarios de pollos de engorde, en cuanto a su eficiencia de iluminación distributiva. Uno de los aviarios se cerró con un sistema convencional de lona de rafia oscura (Dark house), sin aislamiento térmico (N.ISO) y su sistema de iluminación consistió en lámparas incandescentes, fluorescentes compactas y LED. La otra casa se cerró con isopaneles de poliestireno extruido (XPS), y se aisló térmicamente (ISO) y su sistema de iluminación estaba compuesto únicamente por lámparas fluorescentes compactas. Se analizó la extensión de la influencia de la luz solar externa al interior de la vivienda, a través de los extractores, y el grado de distribución de la iluminación en las viviendas mediante el análisis estadístico y el estudio del coeficiente de uniformidad de distribución (CUD). Se elaboraron mapas de isolíneas que muestran el grado de distribución de iluminancia interna de cada vivienda, concretamente en la zona que no sufrió interferencias de la luz solar natural externa. Los resultados mostraron que la luz solar natural externa influyó en la iluminación interior durante los últimos 18 metros al final de la casa y la iluminación fue más homogénea en la casa ISO. Na criação de frangos de corte o uso adequado de programas de iluminação é um fator que influencia diretamente o bem-estar e a produtividade das aves. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois sistemas de iluminação artificial utilizados em aviários de frango de corte, quanto à sua eficiência distributiva de iluminamento. Um dos aviários foi fechado com sistema convencional de lona de ráfia escura (Dark house), sem isolamento térmico (N.ISO) e seu sistema de iluminação foi composto por lâmpadas incandescentes, fluorescente compacta e led. O outro aviário foi fechado com isopainéis de poliestireno extrudado (XPS), e isolado termicamente (ISO) e seu sistema de iluminação foi composto somente por lâmpadas fluorescente compacta. Foram analisados o alcance da influência da luz solar externa para o interior do aviário, por meio dos exaustores, e o grau de distribuição da iluminação nos aviários por meio de análises estatísticas e do estudo do coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD). Foram elaborados mapas de isolinhas mostrando o grau de distribuição de iluminância interna para cada aviário, especificamente na área que não sofreu interferência da iluminação solar natural externa. Os resultados mostraram que a iluminação solar natural externa influenciou a iluminação interna ao longo dos últimos 18 metros no final do aviário e a iluminação foi mais homogênea no aviário ISO.

Avec la crise du coronavirus, les destinations lointaines de nature comme la Patagonie chilienne sont inquiètes d’un effondrement du tourisme. Les communautés locales, apeurées par les risques liés à l’accueil de visiteurs, se replient et se protègent. Les entrepreneurs espèrent un rapide retour à la « normalité » d’une zone relativement épargnée par la COVID-19, mais craignent la fin du boom touristique, car prendre l’avion restera anxiogène dans un contexte de pandémie. Ces destinations devraient recentrer leur offre afin de capter une clientèle de proximité, mais cela semble un défi peu rentable pour les zones isolées. Alors que les entrepreneurs affinent leur plan marketing et les services d’État leurs protocoles d’accueil sécurisés, les animateurs de projets touristiques écologiques, axés sur la conservation, le tourisme rural et les migrations d’agrément, font valoir leurs atouts. L’actuelle crise pourrait mettre fin au tourisme de masse, à l’hypermobilité vers des hauts lieux et aux projets basés sur la rentabilité. La crise socioenvironnementale globale est l’occasion de repenser les rapports à la nature et de renforcer les systèmes touristiques locaux, pensés comme des lieux de vie, basés sur des économies rurales respectueuses de l’environnement, les échanges culturels, scientifiques et traditionnels, attirants autant pour les clientèles nationales qu’étrangères. With the coronavirus crisis, remote nature destinations like Chilean Patagonia are worried of a possible collapse of tourism. Local communities, frightened by the risks of welcoming visitors, are withdrawing and protecting themselves. Entrepreneurs hope for a rapid return to “normality” in an area relatively untouched by COVID-19 but they fear the end of the tourism boom, as flying will remain an anxiety-provoking issue in a post-pandemic situation. These destinations have to refocus their offer in order to capture a national clientele, but this seems an unprofitable challenge for isolated areas. While entrepreneurs are refining their marketing plans and government services are establishing their secure reception protocols, leaders of ecological and conservation tourism projects along with rural tourism and leisure migration stakeholders are highlighting their assets. The current crisis could put an end to mass tourism, hypermobilities, projects based on high profitability and overtourism in iconic places. In that sense, the present global socioenvironmental crisis is an opportunity to rethink our relationship with nature and seek ways to strengthen local tourism systems, conceived as places to live and based on environmentally friendly rural economies, cultural, scientific, and traditional exchanges, attractive both to national and foreign visitors.

Background Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal morbidity and one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide. Many medical treatments and interventions are available nowadays, but surgical treatment is sometimes required when less invasive methods are unsuccessful. This study aimed to assess the theoretical and practical knowledge of French residents of Obstetrics and Gynecology concerning the surgical treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Study design We performed a questionnaire study for senior residents of Obstetrics and Gynecology in France (fourth and fifth year of training). An anonymous survey was sent by email. Between December 2013 and April 2014, a total of 370 residents responded. Result The response rate was 47.6% (176/370). Only 156 questionnaires were fully completed and included for analysis. In all, 74% (115/156) of residents reported not mastering sufficiently or at all the technique for bilateral ligation of uterine arteries, 79% (123/156) for uterine compression sutures, 95% (148/156) for ligation of the internal iliac arteries, and 78% (122/156) for emergency peripartum hysterectomy. More than half of respondents (55%, 86/156) stated that they had not mastered any of these techniques. Conclusion An alarmingly high number of French senior residents in Obstetrics and Gynecology report that they have not acquired the sufficient surgical skills during their training to be able to perform the surgeries required for the management of PPH. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-019-2237-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.