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  • Authors: Mao-Ying Wu; Junqing Zhai; Geoffrey Wall; Qiu-Cheng Li;

    In the international education market, much attention has been paid to China, as it is the world’s largest source country in sending students abroad. The other side of the story, that is, China, as...

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hongliang Fu; Yue Lian; Yongqing Bai; Zhifeng Wang; +3 Authors

    A bifunctional nanocomposite, FeNb11O29−x@C, formed by morphology control (porous biscuit-like nanoplates and carbon layers) and microstructure modification (oxygen vacancies and lattice defects), displays high rate performance and a low overpotential in LIBs and the OER.

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    Nanoscale
    Article . 2022
    License: Royal Society of Chemistry Licence to Publish
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Nanoscalearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Nanoscale
      Article . 2022
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  • Authors: Yang Zhang; H. You;

    By using palm oil as feedstock and methanol as an esterifying agent and CaO-La2O3 as the catalyst, effects of different catalyst’s activity and synthetic methods for biodiesel’s yield were researched. When the ratio of CaO and La2O3 and calcination’s temperature was 2.0:1.0 and 1,073 K, respectively, CaO-La2O3 had a good activity and stabilization. The co-settling method has the highest catalyst’s activity and biodiesel yield than that of other methods. The optimizing reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of catalyst, and ratio of methanol of palm oil were 70°C, 3.5 h, 2.5%, and 15:1, respectively. When CaO-La2O3 was reused five times, CaO-La2O3’s activity kept above 90%.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Eric B. Laber; Fan Wu; Catherine Munera; Ilya Lipkovich; +2 Authors

    There is growing interest and investment in precision medicine as a means to provide the best possible health care. A treatment regime formalizes precision medicine as a sequence of decision rules, one per clinical intervention period, that specify if, when and how current treatment should be adjusted in response to a patient's evolving health status. It is standard to define a regime as optimal if, when applied to a population of interest, it maximizes the mean of some desirable clinical outcome, such as efficacy. However, in many clinical settings, a high‐quality treatment regime must balance multiple competing outcomes; eg, when a high dose is associated with substantial symptom reduction but a greater risk of an adverse event. We consider the problem of estimating the most efficacious treatment regime subject to constraints on the risk of adverse events. We combine nonparametric Q‐learning with policy‐search to estimate a high‐quality yet parsimonious treatment regime. This estimator applies to both observational and randomized data, as well as settings with variable, outcome‐dependent follow‐up, mixed treatment types, and multiple time points. This work is motivated by and framed in the context of dosing for chronic pain; however, the proposed framework can be applied generally to estimate a treatment regime which maximizes the mean of one primary outcome subject to constraints on one or more secondary outcomes. We illustrate the proposed method using data pooled from 5 open‐label flexible dosing clinical trials for chronic pain.

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    Statistics in Medicine
    Article . 2018
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Statistics in Medicine
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      Statistics in Medicine
      Article . 2018
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2018
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      Statistics in Medicine
      Article
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    Authors: Kristen K. Beck; Michael-Shawn Fletcher; Patricia Gadd; Henk Heijnis; +3 Authors

    AbstractCritical transitions in ecosystem states are often sudden and unpredictable. Consequently, there is a concerted effort to identify measurable early warning signals (EWS) for these important events. Aquatic ecosystems provide an opportunity to observe critical transitions due to their high sensitivity and rapid response times. Using palaeoecological techniques, we can measure properties of time series data to determine if critical transitions are preceded by any measurable ecosystem metrics, that is, identify EWS. Using a suite of palaeoenvironmental data spanning the last 2,400 years (diatoms, pollen, geochemistry, and charcoal influx), we assess whether a critical transition in diatom community structure was preceded by measurable EWS. Lake Vera, in the temperate rain forest of western Tasmania, Australia, has a diatom community dominated by Discostella stelligera and undergoes an abrupt compositional shift at ca. 820 cal yr BP that is concomitant with increased fire disturbance of the local vegetation. This shift is manifest as a transition from less oligotrophic acidic diatom flora (Achnanthidium minutissimum, Brachysira styriaca, and Fragilaria capucina) to more oligotrophic acidic taxa (Frustulia elongatissima, Eunotia diodon, and Gomphonema multiforme). We observe a marked increase in compositional variance and rate‐of‐change prior to this critical transition, revealing these metrics are useful EWS in this system. Interestingly, vegetation remains complacent to fire disturbance until after the shift in the diatom community. Disturbance taxa invade and the vegetation system experiences an increase in both compositional variance and rate‐of‐change. These trends imply an approaching critical transition in the vegetation and the probable collapse of the local rain forest system.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2018
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2018
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  • Authors: Joel D. Grice; Roy Kristiansen; Henrik Friis; Ralph Rowe; +4 Authors

    Abstract Hydroxylgugiaite, ideally (Ca 3 □ 1 ) Σ4 (Si 3.5 Be 2.5 ) Σ6 O 11 (OH) 3 , is a new mineral species from two localities in the Larvik plutonic complex in Porsgrunn, Telemark, Norway, and one locality in Ilimaussaq, Greenland. Hydroxylgugiaite crystals occur as squat dipyramids {111} (30 × 50 μm) or as elongate tetragonal prisms. The crystals are translucent, white to pale grey in color, with a white streak and vitreous luster. It is brittle, with no apparent cleavage. Hydroxylgugiaite is uniaxial positive with ω = 1.622 ± 0.002 and ϵ = 1.632 ± 0.002. There is no pleochroism and birefringence is low. The average of eight analyses of a single grain of type material (oxide wt.%) gave Na 2 O 2.04, CaO 32.90, FeO 0.22, MnO 0.74, BeO 13.47 (LA-ICP-MS), Al 2 O 3 0.74, SiO 2 44.06, F 1.74, H 2 O (assuming 3 OH + F) 4.93, Total (–0.73 O = F) 100.10. Potassium, strontium, and magnesium were measured but not detected. The calculated density is 2.79 g cm –3 . The empirical formula on the basis of 14 anions including 3 OH – + F – is: (Ca 2.76 Na 0.31 Mn 0.05 Fe 0.01 ) Σ3.13 (Si 3.45 Be 2.53 Al 0.07 ) Σ6.05 O 11 [(OH) 2.57 F 0.43 ] Σ3 . The formula from crystal-structure analysis of the Saga specimen is: (Ca 3.02 □ 0.98 ) Σ4 (Si 1.79 Be 0.21 ) Σ2 (Be 2.29 Si 1.71 ) Σ4 O 11 (OH) 3 . Combined structural and chemical data gives the following formula for the Nakkaalaaq specimen: (Ca 2.88 □ 0.98 Na 0.12 Mn 0.02 ) Σ4 (Si 1.80 Be 0.17 Al 0.03 ) Σ2 (Be 2.32 Si 1.68 ) Σ4 O 11 [(OH) 2.70 F 0.30 ] Σ3 ; with simplified formula (Ca,□) 4 (Si,Be) 2 (Be,Si) 4 O 11 (OH) 3 . The crystal structure of hydroxylgugiaite is tetragonal in acentric space group P 2 1 / m , with a 7.4151(2), b 7.4151, c 4.9652(1) A, V 272.9(1) A 3 , and Z = 1. It has been refined to an R index of 0.028 on the basis of 342 observed reflections and a correction for the {110} twin law. It is an H-bearing member of the melilite group. The structure has two distinct layers. The one crystallographically distinct Ca site with eight-fold coordination is a square antiprism polyhedron. The Ca polyhedra are in a layer with the H atoms. A second layer consists of corner-sharing Si/Be atoms in tetrahedral coordination with O. One H atom is bonded to an apical O atom that is not shared by two tetrahedra. This H atom is present only when there is a Ca -site vacancy. The other H atom is loosely bonded to the same O atom but at a different site. The IR spectrum supports this H-bonding scheme. Additional hydroxylgugiaite data is given for the other localities.

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    Authors: X. Jiang; Naoko Ellis; Dekui Shen; J. Jiang; +2 Authors

    AbstractPyrolytic lignin is attributed to the instability of bio‐oil but is a potential chemical material. To improve the stability and increase the economic viability of bio‐oil, high‐ and low‐molecular‐mass pyrolytic lignin (HMM and LMM) were obtained using solvent extraction. The microstructure of pyrolytic lignin was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The dissimilar absorption intensities indicated the different content of corresponding functional groups in HMM and LMM. The pyrolysis behavior of HMM and LMM was studied by thermogravimetry coupled with FTIR. Obviously pyrolytic lignin undergoes three weight loss stages.

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    Chemical Engineering & Technology
    Article . 2012
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      Chemical Engineering & Technology
      Article . 2012
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    Authors: Frederick Kingdom; Paul Lerner; Mark Georgeson;
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    Journal of Vision
    Article . 2023
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      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Simpson, I.J.A.; Cardoso, M.J.; Modat, M.; Cash, D.M.; +4 Authors

    This paper introduces a novel method for inferring spatially varying regularisa- tion in non-linear registration. This is achieved through full Bayesian inference on a probabilistic registration model, where the prior on the transformation parameters is parameterised as a weighted mixture of spatially localised com- ponents. Such an approach has the advantage of allowing the registration to be more flexibly driven by the data than a traditional globally defined regularisation penalty, such as bending energy. The proposed method adaptively determines the influence of the prior in a local region. The strength of the prior may be reduced in areas where the data better support deformations, or can enforce a stronger constraint in less informative areas. Consequently, the use of such a spatially adaptive prior may reduce unwanted impacts of regularisation on the inferred transformation. This is especially important for applications where the deformation field itself is of interest, such as tensor based morphometry. The proposed approach is demonstrated using synthetic images, and with application to tensor based morphometry analysis of subjects with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls. The results indicate that using the proposed spatially adap- tive prior leads to sparser deformations, which provide better localisation of regional volume change. Additionally, the proposed regularisation model leads to more data driven and localised maps of registration uncertainty. This paper also demonstrates for the first time the use of Bayesian model comparison for selecting different types of regularisation.

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    Medical Image Analysis
    Article . 2015
    License: CC BY
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      Medical Image Analysis
      Article . 2015
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    Authors: Ida Mattsson; Johanna Majoinen; Manu Lahtinen; Thomas Sandberg; +5 Authors

    | openaire: EC/H2020/788489/EU//BioELCell Funding Information: The Graduate School of Chemical Engineering, the Parliament Office Commission of the Åland Islands, Walter and Lisi Waal's foundation, the Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion and the Society of Swedish Literature in Finland are gratefully acknowledged for funding this work. Dr J. Rahkila, Turku Centre for Chemical and Molecular Analytics is acknowledged for HRMS analysis of the allylated sugars and NMR-related support. Dr Ville Liljeström is thanked for assistance with the SWAXS measurements. Dr J. Majoinen and Prof. O. Rojas acknowledge funding from the H2020-ERC-2017-Advanced Grant ‘BioELCell’ (788489). Prof. O. Rojas acknowledges the Canada Excellence Research Chair Program (CERC-2018-00006) and Canada Foundation for Innovation (Project number 38623). Prof. Olli Ikkala acknowledges Academy of Finland CoE LIBER (Project number 346108) and the Flagship FinnCERES. The authors acknowledge facilities and technical support by Nanomicroscopy Center at Aalto University. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Conformational rigidity controls the bulk self-assembly and liquid crystallinity from amphiphilic block molecules to copolymers. The effects of block stereochemistry on the self-assembly have, however, been less explored. Here, we have investigated amphiphilic block molecules involving eight open-chain monosaccharide-based polyol units possessing different stereochemistries, derived from d-glucose, d-galactose, l-arabinose, d-mannose and l-rhamnose (allylated monosaccharides t-Glc*, e-Glc*, t-Gal*, e-Gal*, t-Ara*, e-Ara*, t-Man*, and t-Rha*), end-functionalized with repulsive tetradecyl alkyl chain blocks to form well-defined amphiphiles with block molecule structures. All compounds studied showed low temperature crystalline phases due to polyol crystallization, and smectic (lamellar) and isotropic phases upon heating in bulk. Hexagonal cylindrical phase was additionally observed for the composition involving t-Man*. Cubic phases were observed for e-Glc*, e-Gal*, e-Ara*, and t-Rha* derived compounds. Therein,the rich array of WAXS-reflections suggested that the crystalline polyol domains are not ultra-confined in spheres as in classic cubic phases but instead show network-like phase continuity, which is rare in bulk liquid crystals. Importantly, the transition temperatures of the self-assemblies were observed to depend strongly on the polyol stereochemistry. The findings underpin that the stereochemistry in carbohydrate-based assemblies involves complexity, which is an important parameter to be considered in material design when developing self-assemblies for different functions. Peer reviewed

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    Soft Matter
    Article . 2023
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      Soft Matter
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  • Authors: Mao-Ying Wu; Junqing Zhai; Geoffrey Wall; Qiu-Cheng Li;

    In the international education market, much attention has been paid to China, as it is the world’s largest source country in sending students abroad. The other side of the story, that is, China, as...

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    Authors: Hongliang Fu; Yue Lian; Yongqing Bai; Zhifeng Wang; +3 Authors

    A bifunctional nanocomposite, FeNb11O29−x@C, formed by morphology control (porous biscuit-like nanoplates and carbon layers) and microstructure modification (oxygen vacancies and lattice defects), displays high rate performance and a low overpotential in LIBs and the OER.

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    Nanoscale
    Article . 2022
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  • Authors: Yang Zhang; H. You;

    By using palm oil as feedstock and methanol as an esterifying agent and CaO-La2O3 as the catalyst, effects of different catalyst’s activity and synthetic methods for biodiesel’s yield were researched. When the ratio of CaO and La2O3 and calcination’s temperature was 2.0:1.0 and 1,073 K, respectively, CaO-La2O3 had a good activity and stabilization. The co-settling method has the highest catalyst’s activity and biodiesel yield than that of other methods. The optimizing reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of catalyst, and ratio of methanol of palm oil were 70°C, 3.5 h, 2.5%, and 15:1, respectively. When CaO-La2O3 was reused five times, CaO-La2O3’s activity kept above 90%.

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    Authors: Eric B. Laber; Fan Wu; Catherine Munera; Ilya Lipkovich; +2 Authors

    There is growing interest and investment in precision medicine as a means to provide the best possible health care. A treatment regime formalizes precision medicine as a sequence of decision rules, one per clinical intervention period, that specify if, when and how current treatment should be adjusted in response to a patient's evolving health status. It is standard to define a regime as optimal if, when applied to a population of interest, it maximizes the mean of some desirable clinical outcome, such as efficacy. However, in many clinical settings, a high‐quality treatment regime must balance multiple competing outcomes; eg, when a high dose is associated with substantial symptom reduction but a greater risk of an adverse event. We consider the problem of estimating the most efficacious treatment regime subject to constraints on the risk of adverse events. We combine nonparametric Q‐learning with policy‐search to estimate a high‐quality yet parsimonious treatment regime. This estimator applies to both observational and randomized data, as well as settings with variable, outcome‐dependent follow‐up, mixed treatment types, and multiple time points. This work is motivated by and framed in the context of dosing for chronic pain; however, the proposed framework can be applied generally to estimate a treatment regime which maximizes the mean of one primary outcome subject to constraints on one or more secondary outcomes. We illustrate the proposed method using data pooled from 5 open‐label flexible dosing clinical trials for chronic pain.

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    Statistics in Medicine
    Article . 2018
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Statistics in Medicine
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      Statistics in Medicine
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      Statistics in Medicine
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kristen K. Beck; Michael-Shawn Fletcher; Patricia Gadd; Henk Heijnis; +3 Authors

    AbstractCritical transitions in ecosystem states are often sudden and unpredictable. Consequently, there is a concerted effort to identify measurable early warning signals (EWS) for these important events. Aquatic ecosystems provide an opportunity to observe critical transitions due to their high sensitivity and rapid response times. Using palaeoecological techniques, we can measure properties of time series data to determine if critical transitions are preceded by any measurable ecosystem metrics, that is, identify EWS. Using a suite of palaeoenvironmental data spanning the last 2,400 years (diatoms, pollen, geochemistry, and charcoal influx), we assess whether a critical transition in diatom community structure was preceded by measurable EWS. Lake Vera, in the temperate rain forest of western Tasmania, Australia, has a diatom community dominated by Discostella stelligera and undergoes an abrupt compositional shift at ca. 820 cal yr BP that is concomitant with increased fire disturbance of the local vegetation. This shift is manifest as a transition from less oligotrophic acidic diatom flora (Achnanthidium minutissimum, Brachysira styriaca, and Fragilaria capucina) to more oligotrophic acidic taxa (Frustulia elongatissima, Eunotia diodon, and Gomphonema multiforme). We observe a marked increase in compositional variance and rate‐of‐change prior to this critical transition, revealing these metrics are useful EWS in this system. Interestingly, vegetation remains complacent to fire disturbance until after the shift in the diatom community. Disturbance taxa invade and the vegetation system experiences an increase in both compositional variance and rate‐of‐change. These trends imply an approaching critical transition in the vegetation and the probable collapse of the local rain forest system.

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2018
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
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  • Authors: Joel D. Grice; Roy Kristiansen; Henrik Friis; Ralph Rowe; +4 Authors

    Abstract Hydroxylgugiaite, ideally (Ca 3 □ 1 ) Σ4 (Si 3.5 Be 2.5 ) Σ6 O 11 (OH) 3 , is a new mineral species from two localities in the Larvik plutonic complex in Porsgrunn, Telemark, Norway, and one locality in Ilimaussaq, Greenland. Hydroxylgugiaite crystals occur as squat dipyramids {111} (30 × 50 μm) or as elongate tetragonal prisms. The crystals are translucent, white to pale grey in color, with a white streak and vitreous luster. It is brittle, with no apparent cleavage. Hydroxylgugiaite is uniaxial positive with ω = 1.622 ± 0.002 and ϵ = 1.632 ± 0.002. There is no pleochroism and birefringence is low. The average of eight analyses of a single grain of type material (oxide wt.%) gave Na 2 O 2.04, CaO 32.90, FeO 0.22, MnO 0.74, BeO 13.47 (LA-ICP-MS), Al 2 O 3 0.74, SiO 2 44.06, F 1.74, H 2 O (assuming 3 OH + F) 4.93, Total (–0.73 O = F) 100.10. Potassium, strontium, and magnesium were measured but not detected. The calculated density is 2.79 g cm –3 . The empirical formula on the basis of 14 anions including 3 OH – + F – is: (Ca 2.76 Na 0.31 Mn 0.05 Fe 0.01 ) Σ3.13 (Si 3.45 Be 2.53 Al 0.07 ) Σ6.05 O 11 [(OH) 2.57 F 0.43 ] Σ3 . The formula from crystal-structure analysis of the Saga specimen is: (Ca 3.02 □ 0.98 ) Σ4 (Si 1.79 Be 0.21 ) Σ2 (Be 2.29 Si 1.71 ) Σ4 O 11 (OH) 3 . Combined structural and chemical data gives the following formula for the Nakkaalaaq specimen: (Ca 2.88 □ 0.98 Na 0.12 Mn 0.02 ) Σ4 (Si 1.80 Be 0.17 Al 0.03 ) Σ2 (Be 2.32 Si 1.68 ) Σ4 O 11 [(OH) 2.70 F 0.30 ] Σ3 ; with simplified formula (Ca,□) 4 (Si,Be) 2 (Be,Si) 4 O 11 (OH) 3 . The crystal structure of hydroxylgugiaite is tetragonal in acentric space group P 2 1 / m , with a 7.4151(2), b 7.4151, c 4.9652(1) A, V 272.9(1) A 3 , and Z = 1. It has been refined to an R index of 0.028 on the basis of 342 observed reflections and a correction for the {110} twin law. It is an H-bearing member of the melilite group. The structure has two distinct layers. The one crystallographically distinct Ca site with eight-fold coordination is a square antiprism polyhedron. The Ca polyhedra are in a layer with the H atoms. A second layer consists of corner-sharing Si/Be atoms in tetrahedral coordination with O. One H atom is bonded to an apical O atom that is not shared by two tetrahedra. This H atom is present only when there is a Ca -site vacancy. The other H atom is loosely bonded to the same O atom but at a different site. The IR spectrum supports this H-bonding scheme. Additional hydroxylgugiaite data is given for the other localities.

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    Authors: X. Jiang; Naoko Ellis; Dekui Shen; J. Jiang; +2 Authors

    AbstractPyrolytic lignin is attributed to the instability of bio‐oil but is a potential chemical material. To improve the stability and increase the economic viability of bio‐oil, high‐ and low‐molecular‐mass pyrolytic lignin (HMM and LMM) were obtained using solvent extraction. The microstructure of pyrolytic lignin was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The dissimilar absorption intensities indicated the different content of corresponding functional groups in HMM and LMM. The pyrolysis behavior of HMM and LMM was studied by thermogravimetry coupled with FTIR. Obviously pyrolytic lignin undergoes three weight loss stages.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Chemical Engineering...arrow_drop_down
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology
    Article . 2012
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Chemical Engineering...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Chemical Engineering & Technology
      Article . 2012
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    Authors: Frederick Kingdom; Paul Lerner; Mark Georgeson;
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    Journal of Vision
    Article . 2023
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      Journal of Vision
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    Authors: Simpson, I.J.A.; Cardoso, M.J.; Modat, M.; Cash, D.M.; +4 Authors

    This paper introduces a novel method for inferring spatially varying regularisa- tion in non-linear registration. This is achieved through full Bayesian inference on a probabilistic registration model, where the prior on the transformation parameters is parameterised as a weighted mixture of spatially localised com- ponents. Such an approach has the advantage of allowing the registration to be more flexibly driven by the data than a traditional globally defined regularisation penalty, such as bending energy. The proposed method adaptively determines the influence of the prior in a local region. The strength of the prior may be reduced in areas where the data better support deformations, or can enforce a stronger constraint in less informative areas. Consequently, the use of such a spatially adaptive prior may reduce unwanted impacts of regularisation on the inferred transformation. This is especially important for applications where the deformation field itself is of interest, such as tensor based morphometry. The proposed approach is demonstrated using synthetic images, and with application to tensor based morphometry analysis of subjects with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls. The results indicate that using the proposed spatially adap- tive prior leads to sparser deformations, which provide better localisation of regional volume change. Additionally, the proposed regularisation model leads to more data driven and localised maps of registration uncertainty. This paper also demonstrates for the first time the use of Bayesian model comparison for selecting different types of regularisation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CORE (RIOXX-UK Aggre...arrow_drop_down
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    Medical Image Analysis
    Article . 2015
    License: CC BY
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      Medical Image Analysis
      Article . 2015
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Ida Mattsson; Johanna Majoinen; Manu Lahtinen; Thomas Sandberg; +5 Authors

    | openaire: EC/H2020/788489/EU//BioELCell Funding Information: The Graduate School of Chemical Engineering, the Parliament Office Commission of the Åland Islands, Walter and Lisi Waal's foundation, the Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion and the Society of Swedish Literature in Finland are gratefully acknowledged for funding this work. Dr J. Rahkila, Turku Centre for Chemical and Molecular Analytics is acknowledged for HRMS analysis of the allylated sugars and NMR-related support. Dr Ville Liljeström is thanked for assistance with the SWAXS measurements. Dr J. Majoinen and Prof. O. Rojas acknowledge funding from the H2020-ERC-2017-Advanced Grant ‘BioELCell’ (788489). Prof. O. Rojas acknowledges the Canada Excellence Research Chair Program (CERC-2018-00006) and Canada Foundation for Innovation (Project number 38623). Prof. Olli Ikkala acknowledges Academy of Finland CoE LIBER (Project number 346108) and the Flagship FinnCERES. The authors acknowledge facilities and technical support by Nanomicroscopy Center at Aalto University. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Conformational rigidity controls the bulk self-assembly and liquid crystallinity from amphiphilic block molecules to copolymers. The effects of block stereochemistry on the self-assembly have, however, been less explored. Here, we have investigated amphiphilic block molecules involving eight open-chain monosaccharide-based polyol units possessing different stereochemistries, derived from d-glucose, d-galactose, l-arabinose, d-mannose and l-rhamnose (allylated monosaccharides t-Glc*, e-Glc*, t-Gal*, e-Gal*, t-Ara*, e-Ara*, t-Man*, and t-Rha*), end-functionalized with repulsive tetradecyl alkyl chain blocks to form well-defined amphiphiles with block molecule structures. All compounds studied showed low temperature crystalline phases due to polyol crystallization, and smectic (lamellar) and isotropic phases upon heating in bulk. Hexagonal cylindrical phase was additionally observed for the composition involving t-Man*. Cubic phases were observed for e-Glc*, e-Gal*, e-Ara*, and t-Rha* derived compounds. Therein,the rich array of WAXS-reflections suggested that the crystalline polyol domains are not ultra-confined in spheres as in classic cubic phases but instead show network-like phase continuity, which is rare in bulk liquid crystals. Importantly, the transition temperatures of the self-assemblies were observed to depend strongly on the polyol stereochemistry. The findings underpin that the stereochemistry in carbohydrate-based assemblies involves complexity, which is an important parameter to be considered in material design when developing self-assemblies for different functions. Peer reviewed

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    Soft Matter
    Article . 2023
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    Soft Matter
    Article . 2023
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      Soft Matter
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