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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: van Wijngaarden, W. A.; Happer, W.;

    The clear sky instantaneous radiative forcings of the 14 halogenated gases previously shown to have the largest contribution to global warming, were found. The calculation used the absorption cross sections for the halogenated gases which are assumed to be independent of temperature as well as over 1/3 million line strengths for the 5 naturally occurring greenhouse gases: H$_2$O, CO$_2$, O$_3$, CH$_4$ and N$_2$O, from the Hitran database. The total radiative forcing of the halogenated gases at their 2020 concentrations is 0.52 (0.67) W/m$^2$ at the tropopause (mesopause). Over half of this forcing is due to CFC11 and CFC12 whose concentrations are declining as a result of the Montreal Protocol. The rate of total forcing change for all 14 halogenated gases is 1.5 (2.2) mW/m$^2$/year at the tropopause (mesopause). The calculations assumed a constant altitude concentration for all halogenated gases except CFC11, CFC12 and SF$_6$. Using the observed altitude dependence for those 3 molecules reduced their radiative forcings by about 10%. The global warming potential values were comparable to those given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The contribution of a gas to global warming was estimated using the forcing power per molecule defined as the derivative of its radiative forcing with respect to its column density. For the present atmosphere, the per-molecule forcing powers of halogenated gases are orders of magnitude larger than those for the 5 naturally occuring greenhouse gases because the latter have much higher concentrations and are strongly saturated. But, the rates of concentration increase of the 5 main greenhouse gases are orders of magnitude greater than that of any halogenated gas. Assuming the temperature increase caused by each gas is proportional to its radiative forcing increase, the 14 halogenated gases are responsible for only 2% of the total global warming. Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2103.16465, arXiv:2006.03098

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ arXiv.org e-Print Ar...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: F M Javed Mehedi Shamrat; Shamima Akter; Sami Azam; Asif Karim; +5 Authors
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: J. Rikovska; T. Giles; N. J. Stone; K. van Esbroeck; +12 Authors

    The first fully on-line use of the angular distribution of beta emission in detection of NMR of nuclei oriented at low temperatures is reported. The magnetic moments of the single valence particle, intermediate mass, isotopes 67Ni(nup(-1)(1/2);1/2(-)) and 69Cu(pip(1)(3/2);3/2(-)) are measured to be +0.601(5) m(N) and +2.84(1) m(N), respectively, revealing only a small deviation from the neutron p(1/2) single-particle value in the former and a large deviation from the proton p(3/2) single-particle value in the latter. Quantitative interpretation is given in terms of core polarization and meson-exchange currents.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Physical Review Lett...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Physical Review Letters
    Article . 2000
    License: APS Licenses for Journal Article Re-use
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Physical Review Lett...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Physical Review Letters
      Article . 2000
      License: APS Licenses for Journal Article Re-use
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Leah Meromy; Noah P. Molotch; Mark W. Williams; Keith N. Musselman; +1 Authors

    © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Effects of infrared heaters on snow accumulation, snowmelt, and snow-atmosphere energy exchange were examined at Niwot Ridge, Colorado (CO) and compared to a naturally warmer, but otherwise similar subalpine site in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico (NM). Observed snow accumulation was 30% lower on average and snow melted out 16 days earlier in the heated plots compared to the controls. Soil temperature during snowmelt was 3. °C greater on average and soil moisture was 4% lower on average in heated plots compared to controls. In NM, snow accumulation was 23% lower, snow melted 23 days earlier, soil temperature was 0.6. °C greater, and soil moisture was 13% lower on average relative to CO controls. In order to estimate differences in energy and mass balance fluxes at the snow-atmosphere interface in control versus warmer plots, the 1-D, physically based snowmelt model, SNOWPACK, was used. Model results indicated that heaters alter radiative, turbulent and mass fluxes by amounts comparable to the differences between CO and NM fluxes. The proportion of the energy flux associated with latent heat exchange during snowmelt was 9-27% of the total energy flux in heated models and 19-22% of NM models compared to 3-7% in control models. Thus, sublimation loss to the atmosphere was greater in both experimentally and naturally warmer cases relative to the control case. We conclude that IR heaters can provide alterations to the timing and magnitude of snow accumulation and snowmelt consistent with conditions observed at a warmer analog site and with climate and hydrology model projections. Impacts of IR heating on energy partitioning and sublimation should be considered when designing manipulations of the snowpack, as reductions in snowmelt water may alter biological or ecological processes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agricultural and For...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article
    License: Elsevier Non-Commercial
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agricultural and For...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Article
      License: Elsevier Non-Commercial
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Elisa Conde Moreno; Alejandro Pascual; Daniel Prieto-Cuadra; Val F. Laza; +7 Authors

    microRNAs (miRNA) expression in colorectal (CR) primary tumours can facilitate a more precise molecular characterization. We identified and validated a miRNA profile associated with clinical and histopathological features that might be useful for patient stratification. In situ hybridization array using paraffin-embedded biopsies of CR primary tumours were used to screen 1436 miRNAs. 17 miRNAs were selected for validation by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (n = 192) and were further correlated with clinical and histopathological data. We demonstrated that miRNAs associated to Colorectal Cancer (CRC) diagnosis age (over 50s and 60s) included miR-1-3p, miR-23b-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-145-5p and miR-193b-5p. miR-23b-3p and miR-24-3p discriminated between Lynch Syndrome and sporadic CRC. miR-10a-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-642b and Let-7a-5p were associated to stroma abundance. miR-642b and Let-7a-5p were associated with to peritumoral inflammation abundance. miR-1-3p, miR-143-3p and miR-145-5p correlated with mucinous component. miR-326 correlated with tumour location (right or left sided). miR-1-3p associated with tumour grade. miR-20a-5p, miR-193b-5p, miR-320a, miR-326 and miR-642b-3p associated to tumour stage and progression. Remarkably, we also demonstrated that miR-1-3p and miR-326 expression significantly associated with patient overall survival (OS). Hierarchical clustering and bioinformatics analysis indicated that selected miRNAs could re-classify the patients and work cooperatively, modulating common target genes involved in colorectal cancer key signalling pathways. In conclusion, molecular characterization of CR primary tumours based on miRNAs could lead to more accurate patient reclassification and may be useful for efficient patient management.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cancersarrow_drop_down
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    Cancers
    Other literature type . Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Europe PubMed Central
    Article . 2019
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Cancers
    Article . 2019
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    Cancers
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    Article . 2019
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      Cancers
      Other literature type . Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Article . 2019
      Data sources: PubMed Central
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      Cancers
      Article . 2019
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      Cancers
      Article
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      Article . 2019
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  • Authors: Timothy G. Conley; Bill Dupor;

    Abstract This paper estimates the private and government sector employment effects of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) spending via an instrumental variables strategy. We argue that this aid was effectively fungible and states used it to offset declines in revenue. This enables us to use exogenous variation in states’ budget positions to identify the Act's employment effects. We also exploit exogenous variation across states in ARRA highway funding. According to our benchmark estimates, average state and local government employment, during the 24 months following the program's inception, was between 156,000 and 563,000 persons greater as a result of ARRA spending (90% confidence interval). The corresponding estimate for the private sector ranges from a loss of 182,000 to a gain of 1.1 million jobs. Our point estimate for the implied cost of creating a job lasting one year is $202,000, which is substantially larger than the corresponding estimate from the President's Council of Economic Advisors.

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    Authors: Veda N. Giri; Karen E. Knudsen; William Kevin Kelly; Wassim Abida; +66 Authors

    Purpose Guidelines are limited for genetic testing for prostate cancer (PCA). The goal of this conference was to develop an expert consensus-driven working framework for comprehensive genetic evaluation of inherited PCA in the multigene testing era addressing genetic counseling, testing, and genetically informed management. Methods An expert consensus conference was convened including key stakeholders to address genetic counseling and testing, PCA screening, and management informed by evidence review. Results Consensus was strong that patients should engage in shared decision making for genetic testing. There was strong consensus to test HOXB13 for suspected hereditary PCA, BRCA1/2 for suspected hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, and DNA mismatch repair genes for suspected Lynch syndrome. There was strong consensus to factor BRCA2 mutations into PCA screening discussions. BRCA2 achieved moderate consensus for factoring into early-stage management discussion, with stronger consensus in high-risk/advanced and metastatic setting. Agreement was moderate to test all men with metastatic castration-resistant PCA, regardless of family history, with stronger agreement to test BRCA1/2 and moderate agreement to test ATM to inform prognosis and targeted therapy. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary consensus statement to address a genetic evaluation framework for inherited PCA in the multigene testing era. Future research should focus on developing a working definition of familial PCA for clinical genetic testing, expanding understanding of genetic contribution to aggressive PCA, exploring clinical use of genetic testing for PCA management, genetic testing of African American males, and addressing the value framework of genetic evaluation and testing men at risk for PCA—a clinically heterogeneous disease.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2017
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    Journal of Clinical Oncology
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: NARCIS
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    European Urology
    Article . 2018
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Journal of Clinical Oncology
    Article . 2018
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2017
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      Journal of Clinical Oncology
      Article . 2018
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      European Urology
      Article . 2018
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      Article . 2018
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    Authors: Balmforth, NJ; Craster, RV; Hewitt, DR; Hormozi, S; +1 Authors

    In the limit of a large yield stress, or equivalently at the initiation of motion, viscoplastic flows can develop narrow boundary layers that provide either surfaces of failure between rigid plugs, the lubrication between a plugged flow and a wall or buffers for regions of predominantly plastic deformation. Oldroyd (Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., vol. 43, 1947, pp. 383–395) presented the first theoretical discussion of these viscoplastic boundary layers, offering an asymptotic reduction of the governing equations and a discussion of some model flow problems. However, the complicated nonlinear form of Oldroyd’s boundary-layer equations has evidently precluded further discussion of them. In the current paper, we revisit Oldroyd’s viscoplastic boundary-layer analysis and his canonical examples of a jet-like intrusion and flow past a thin plate. We also consider flow down channels with either sudden expansions or wavy walls. In all these examples, we verify that viscoplastic boundary layers form as envisioned by Oldroyd. For each example, we extract the dependence of the boundary-layer thickness and flow profiles on the dimensionless yield-stress parameter (Bingham number). We find that, while Oldroyd’s boundary-layer theory applies to free viscoplastic shear layers, it does not apply when the boundary layer is adjacent to a wall, as has been observed previously for two-dimensional flow around circular obstructions. Instead, the boundary-layer thickness scales in a different fashion with the Bingham number, as suggested by classical solutions for plane-parallel flows, lubrication theory and, for flow around a plate, by Piau (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 102, 2002, pp. 193–218); we rationalize this second scaling and provide an alternative boundary-layer theory.

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    Apollo
    Other literature type . 2017
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    Journal of Fluid Mechanics
    Article . 2017
    License: Cambridge Core User Agreement
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    Apollo
    Article . 2017
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      Apollo
      Other literature type . 2017
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      Journal of Fluid Mechanics
      Article . 2017
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      Article . 2017
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    Authors: CDMS Collaboration;

    We report first results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS II) experiment running with its full complement of 30 cryogenic particle detectors at the Soudan Underground Laboratory. This report is based on the analysis of data acquired between October 2006 and July 2007 from 15 Ge detectors (3.75 kg), giving an effective exposure of 121.3 kg-d (averaged over recoil energies 10--100 keV, weighted for a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) mass of 60 \gev). A blind analysis, incorporating improved techniques for event reconstruction and data quality monitoring, resulted in zero observed events. This analysis sets an upper limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section of 6.6$\times10^{-44}$ cm$^2$ (4.6$\times10^{-44}$ cm$^2$ when combined with previous CDMS Soudan data) at the 90% confidence level for a WIMP mass of 60 \gev. By providing the best sensitivity for dark matter WIMPs with masses above 42 GeV/c$^2$, this work significantly restricts the parameter space for some of the favored supersymmetric models. Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PRL 28 March 2008

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2008
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2008
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  • Authors: Evangelos Terpos; Richard J. Cook; Robert E. Coleman; Allan Lipton; +1 Authors

    Abstract Most patients with advanced multiple myeloma (MM) develop bone lesions during their disease course. Myeloma bone disease can result in potentially debilitating and life threatening skeletal-related events (SREs) such as pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression, the need for palliative radiotherapy (RT) or surgery to bone, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. Bone-targeted therapies that prevent or delay SRE onset may maintain quality of life (QOL) and functional independence in patients with advanced MM. Yet, the risk factors for SREs in this patient population are not fully understood. Exploratory analyses were conducted to identify potential SRE risk factors in patients with bone lesions from MM who received either zoledronic acid or pamidronate every 3 to 4 weeks for up to 24 months in a large, randomized trial. Patients with complete baseline demographics, disease characteristics, and markers of bone metabolism information available were included (n=282). Dichotomous variables included sex, race (white/other), narcotic analgesics (yes/no), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (active/impaired), prior SRE (yes/no), and values with a defined upper limit of normal (creatinine, lymphocyte %, hemoglobin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], and calcium). Continuous variables included age, weight, cancer duration, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General score, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) score, and bone markers (eg, urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen [NTX], deoxypyridinoline [DPD]). Paraprotein type was also included. Univariate and multivariate analyses to determine relative risks (RR) for reduced time to first SRE associated with baseline variables using Cox regression models were developed, and those that were not significant at the 5% level were removed by backward elimination to generate a reduced model. In the reduced multivariate model, lower weight (RR=0.94 per 5-kg increase; P=.021), higher BPI scores (RR=1.16 per 1-unit increase; P < .001), race other than white (RR=0.60; P=.028), need for narcotic analgesics (RR=1.61; P=.017), and high levels of NTX (RR=1.68 per 100-nmol/mmol creatinine increase; P=.005) significantly correlated with reduced time to first SRE. Pathologic fracture and RT to bone were the most common SREs; in multivariate models, lower weight and higher BPI scores were associated with increased RRs of both fractures and RT to bone. Race and DPD levels were also significant covariates for fractures, whereas high levels of LDH correlated significantly with need for RT. Because bone resorption marker levels were significant covariates, the correlation between baseline NTX and time to first SRE was assessed. High baseline NTX (≥ 50 nmol/mmol creatinine) was associated with increased risk of shorter time to first SRE: by a significant 67% in the zoledronic acid group (n=210; P=.015) and by a 57% trend in the pamidronate group (n=108; P=.114). Taken together, lower weight and pain parameters (eg, BPI or narcotic analgesics) correlated consistently with skeletal morbidity risks in patients with advanced MM. Treatments that facilitate the restoration of bone homeostasis, as evidenced by bone marker normalization, may reduce the risk of SREs, thus maintaining QOL in this patient population.

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    Article . 2007
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      Article . 2007
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    Authors: van Wijngaarden, W. A.; Happer, W.;

    The clear sky instantaneous radiative forcings of the 14 halogenated gases previously shown to have the largest contribution to global warming, were found. The calculation used the absorption cross sections for the halogenated gases which are assumed to be independent of temperature as well as over 1/3 million line strengths for the 5 naturally occurring greenhouse gases: H$_2$O, CO$_2$, O$_3$, CH$_4$ and N$_2$O, from the Hitran database. The total radiative forcing of the halogenated gases at their 2020 concentrations is 0.52 (0.67) W/m$^2$ at the tropopause (mesopause). Over half of this forcing is due to CFC11 and CFC12 whose concentrations are declining as a result of the Montreal Protocol. The rate of total forcing change for all 14 halogenated gases is 1.5 (2.2) mW/m$^2$/year at the tropopause (mesopause). The calculations assumed a constant altitude concentration for all halogenated gases except CFC11, CFC12 and SF$_6$. Using the observed altitude dependence for those 3 molecules reduced their radiative forcings by about 10%. The global warming potential values were comparable to those given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The contribution of a gas to global warming was estimated using the forcing power per molecule defined as the derivative of its radiative forcing with respect to its column density. For the present atmosphere, the per-molecule forcing powers of halogenated gases are orders of magnitude larger than those for the 5 naturally occuring greenhouse gases because the latter have much higher concentrations and are strongly saturated. But, the rates of concentration increase of the 5 main greenhouse gases are orders of magnitude greater than that of any halogenated gas. Assuming the temperature increase caused by each gas is proportional to its radiative forcing increase, the 14 halogenated gases are responsible for only 2% of the total global warming. Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2103.16465, arXiv:2006.03098

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: F M Javed Mehedi Shamrat; Shamima Akter; Sami Azam; Asif Karim; +5 Authors
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      IEEE Access
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: J. Rikovska; T. Giles; N. J. Stone; K. van Esbroeck; +12 Authors

    The first fully on-line use of the angular distribution of beta emission in detection of NMR of nuclei oriented at low temperatures is reported. The magnetic moments of the single valence particle, intermediate mass, isotopes 67Ni(nup(-1)(1/2);1/2(-)) and 69Cu(pip(1)(3/2);3/2(-)) are measured to be +0.601(5) m(N) and +2.84(1) m(N), respectively, revealing only a small deviation from the neutron p(1/2) single-particle value in the former and a large deviation from the proton p(3/2) single-particle value in the latter. Quantitative interpretation is given in terms of core polarization and meson-exchange currents.

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    Physical Review Letters
    Article . 2000
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      Physical Review Letters
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Leah Meromy; Noah P. Molotch; Mark W. Williams; Keith N. Musselman; +1 Authors

    © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Effects of infrared heaters on snow accumulation, snowmelt, and snow-atmosphere energy exchange were examined at Niwot Ridge, Colorado (CO) and compared to a naturally warmer, but otherwise similar subalpine site in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico (NM). Observed snow accumulation was 30% lower on average and snow melted out 16 days earlier in the heated plots compared to the controls. Soil temperature during snowmelt was 3. °C greater on average and soil moisture was 4% lower on average in heated plots compared to controls. In NM, snow accumulation was 23% lower, snow melted 23 days earlier, soil temperature was 0.6. °C greater, and soil moisture was 13% lower on average relative to CO controls. In order to estimate differences in energy and mass balance fluxes at the snow-atmosphere interface in control versus warmer plots, the 1-D, physically based snowmelt model, SNOWPACK, was used. Model results indicated that heaters alter radiative, turbulent and mass fluxes by amounts comparable to the differences between CO and NM fluxes. The proportion of the energy flux associated with latent heat exchange during snowmelt was 9-27% of the total energy flux in heated models and 19-22% of NM models compared to 3-7% in control models. Thus, sublimation loss to the atmosphere was greater in both experimentally and naturally warmer cases relative to the control case. We conclude that IR heaters can provide alterations to the timing and magnitude of snow accumulation and snowmelt consistent with conditions observed at a warmer analog site and with climate and hydrology model projections. Impacts of IR heating on energy partitioning and sublimation should be considered when designing manipulations of the snowpack, as reductions in snowmelt water may alter biological or ecological processes.

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    Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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      Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Elisa Conde Moreno; Alejandro Pascual; Daniel Prieto-Cuadra; Val F. Laza; +7 Authors

    microRNAs (miRNA) expression in colorectal (CR) primary tumours can facilitate a more precise molecular characterization. We identified and validated a miRNA profile associated with clinical and histopathological features that might be useful for patient stratification. In situ hybridization array using paraffin-embedded biopsies of CR primary tumours were used to screen 1436 miRNAs. 17 miRNAs were selected for validation by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (n = 192) and were further correlated with clinical and histopathological data. We demonstrated that miRNAs associated to Colorectal Cancer (CRC) diagnosis age (over 50s and 60s) included miR-1-3p, miR-23b-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-145-5p and miR-193b-5p. miR-23b-3p and miR-24-3p discriminated between Lynch Syndrome and sporadic CRC. miR-10a-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-642b and Let-7a-5p were associated to stroma abundance. miR-642b and Let-7a-5p were associated with to peritumoral inflammation abundance. miR-1-3p, miR-143-3p and miR-145-5p correlated with mucinous component. miR-326 correlated with tumour location (right or left sided). miR-1-3p associated with tumour grade. miR-20a-5p, miR-193b-5p, miR-320a, miR-326 and miR-642b-3p associated to tumour stage and progression. Remarkably, we also demonstrated that miR-1-3p and miR-326 expression significantly associated with patient overall survival (OS). Hierarchical clustering and bioinformatics analysis indicated that selected miRNAs could re-classify the patients and work cooperatively, modulating common target genes involved in colorectal cancer key signalling pathways. In conclusion, molecular characterization of CR primary tumours based on miRNAs could lead to more accurate patient reclassification and may be useful for efficient patient management.

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    Cancers
    Other literature type . Article . 2019
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    Europe PubMed Central
    Article . 2019
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    Cancers
    Article . 2019
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    Cancers
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Article . 2019
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  • Authors: Timothy G. Conley; Bill Dupor;

    Abstract This paper estimates the private and government sector employment effects of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) spending via an instrumental variables strategy. We argue that this aid was effectively fungible and states used it to offset declines in revenue. This enables us to use exogenous variation in states’ budget positions to identify the Act's employment effects. We also exploit exogenous variation across states in ARRA highway funding. According to our benchmark estimates, average state and local government employment, during the 24 months following the program's inception, was between 156,000 and 563,000 persons greater as a result of ARRA spending (90% confidence interval). The corresponding estimate for the private sector ranges from a loss of 182,000 to a gain of 1.1 million jobs. Our point estimate for the implied cost of creating a job lasting one year is $202,000, which is substantially larger than the corresponding estimate from the President's Council of Economic Advisors.

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    Authors: Veda N. Giri; Karen E. Knudsen; William Kevin Kelly; Wassim Abida; +66 Authors

    Purpose Guidelines are limited for genetic testing for prostate cancer (PCA). The goal of this conference was to develop an expert consensus-driven working framework for comprehensive genetic evaluation of inherited PCA in the multigene testing era addressing genetic counseling, testing, and genetically informed management. Methods An expert consensus conference was convened including key stakeholders to address genetic counseling and testing, PCA screening, and management informed by evidence review. Results Consensus was strong that patients should engage in shared decision making for genetic testing. There was strong consensus to test HOXB13 for suspected hereditary PCA, BRCA1/2 for suspected hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, and DNA mismatch repair genes for suspected Lynch syndrome. There was strong consensus to factor BRCA2 mutations into PCA screening discussions. BRCA2 achieved moderate consensus for factoring into early-stage management discussion, with stronger consensus in high-risk/advanced and metastatic setting. Agreement was moderate to test all men with metastatic castration-resistant PCA, regardless of family history, with stronger agreement to test BRCA1/2 and moderate agreement to test ATM to inform prognosis and targeted therapy. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary consensus statement to address a genetic evaluation framework for inherited PCA in the multigene testing era. Future research should focus on developing a working definition of familial PCA for clinical genetic testing, expanding understanding of genetic contribution to aggressive PCA, exploring clinical use of genetic testing for PCA management, genetic testing of African American males, and addressing the value framework of genetic evaluation and testing men at risk for PCA—a clinically heterogeneous disease.

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    Journal of Clinical Oncology
    Article . 2018
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    European Urology
    Article . 2018
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    Journal of Clinical Oncology
    Article . 2018
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      Journal of Clinical Oncology
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: NARCIS
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      European Urology
      Article . 2018
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      Journal of Clinical Oncology
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Balmforth, NJ; Craster, RV; Hewitt, DR; Hormozi, S; +1 Authors

    In the limit of a large yield stress, or equivalently at the initiation of motion, viscoplastic flows can develop narrow boundary layers that provide either surfaces of failure between rigid plugs, the lubrication between a plugged flow and a wall or buffers for regions of predominantly plastic deformation. Oldroyd (Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., vol. 43, 1947, pp. 383–395) presented the first theoretical discussion of these viscoplastic boundary layers, offering an asymptotic reduction of the governing equations and a discussion of some model flow problems. However, the complicated nonlinear form of Oldroyd’s boundary-layer equations has evidently precluded further discussion of them. In the current paper, we revisit Oldroyd’s viscoplastic boundary-layer analysis and his canonical examples of a jet-like intrusion and flow past a thin plate. We also consider flow down channels with either sudden expansions or wavy walls. In all these examples, we verify that viscoplastic boundary layers form as envisioned by Oldroyd. For each example, we extract the dependence of the boundary-layer thickness and flow profiles on the dimensionless yield-stress parameter (Bingham number). We find that, while Oldroyd’s boundary-layer theory applies to free viscoplastic shear layers, it does not apply when the boundary layer is adjacent to a wall, as has been observed previously for two-dimensional flow around circular obstructions. Instead, the boundary-layer thickness scales in a different fashion with the Bingham number, as suggested by classical solutions for plane-parallel flows, lubrication theory and, for flow around a plate, by Piau (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 102, 2002, pp. 193–218); we rationalize this second scaling and provide an alternative boundary-layer theory.

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    Apollo
    Other literature type . 2017
    Data sources: Apollo
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    Journal of Fluid Mechanics
    Article . 2017
    License: Cambridge Core User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
    Apollo
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: Datacite
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      Apollo
      Other literature type . 2017
      Data sources: Apollo
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      Journal of Fluid Mechanics
      Article . 2017
      License: Cambridge Core User Agreement
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      Apollo
      Article . 2017
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    Authors: CDMS Collaboration;

    We report first results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS II) experiment running with its full complement of 30 cryogenic particle detectors at the Soudan Underground Laboratory. This report is based on the analysis of data acquired between October 2006 and July 2007 from 15 Ge detectors (3.75 kg), giving an effective exposure of 121.3 kg-d (averaged over recoil energies 10--100 keV, weighted for a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) mass of 60 \gev). A blind analysis, incorporating improved techniques for event reconstruction and data quality monitoring, resulted in zero observed events. This analysis sets an upper limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section of 6.6$\times10^{-44}$ cm$^2$ (4.6$\times10^{-44}$ cm$^2$ when combined with previous CDMS Soudan data) at the 90% confidence level for a WIMP mass of 60 \gev. By providing the best sensitivity for dark matter WIMPs with masses above 42 GeV/c$^2$, this work significantly restricts the parameter space for some of the favored supersymmetric models. Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PRL 28 March 2008

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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2008
    License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
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      https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
      Article . 2008
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  • Authors: Evangelos Terpos; Richard J. Cook; Robert E. Coleman; Allan Lipton; +1 Authors

    Abstract Most patients with advanced multiple myeloma (MM) develop bone lesions during their disease course. Myeloma bone disease can result in potentially debilitating and life threatening skeletal-related events (SREs) such as pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression, the need for palliative radiotherapy (RT) or surgery to bone, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. Bone-targeted therapies that prevent or delay SRE onset may maintain quality of life (QOL) and functional independence in patients with advanced MM. Yet, the risk factors for SREs in this patient population are not fully understood. Exploratory analyses were conducted to identify potential SRE risk factors in patients with bone lesions from MM who received either zoledronic acid or pamidronate every 3 to 4 weeks for up to 24 months in a large, randomized trial. Patients with complete baseline demographics, disease characteristics, and markers of bone metabolism information available were included (n=282). Dichotomous variables included sex, race (white/other), narcotic analgesics (yes/no), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (active/impaired), prior SRE (yes/no), and values with a defined upper limit of normal (creatinine, lymphocyte %, hemoglobin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], and calcium). Continuous variables included age, weight, cancer duration, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General score, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) score, and bone markers (eg, urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen [NTX], deoxypyridinoline [DPD]). Paraprotein type was also included. Univariate and multivariate analyses to determine relative risks (RR) for reduced time to first SRE associated with baseline variables using Cox regression models were developed, and those that were not significant at the 5% level were removed by backward elimination to generate a reduced model. In the reduced multivariate model, lower weight (RR=0.94 per 5-kg increase; P=.021), higher BPI scores (RR=1.16 per 1-unit increase; P < .001), race other than white (RR=0.60; P=.028), need for narcotic analgesics (RR=1.61; P=.017), and high levels of NTX (RR=1.68 per 100-nmol/mmol creatinine increase; P=.005) significantly correlated with reduced time to first SRE. Pathologic fracture and RT to bone were the most common SREs; in multivariate models, lower weight and higher BPI scores were associated with increased RRs of both fractures and RT to bone. Race and DPD levels were also significant covariates for fractures, whereas high levels of LDH correlated significantly with need for RT. Because bone resorption marker levels were significant covariates, the correlation between baseline NTX and time to first SRE was assessed. High baseline NTX (≥ 50 nmol/mmol creatinine) was associated with increased risk of shorter time to first SRE: by a significant 67% in the zoledronic acid group (n=210; P=.015) and by a 57% trend in the pamidronate group (n=108; P=.114). Taken together, lower weight and pain parameters (eg, BPI or narcotic analgesics) correlated consistently with skeletal morbidity risks in patients with advanced MM. Treatments that facilitate the restoration of bone homeostasis, as evidenced by bone marker normalization, may reduce the risk of SREs, thus maintaining QOL in this patient population.

    Bloodarrow_drop_down
    Blood
    Article . 2007
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Blood
      Article . 2007
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