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Security is an interesting area, one in which we may well be guilty of misunderstanding the very people we are working for whilst trying to protect them. It is often said that people (users) are a weak link in the security chain. This may be true, but there are nuances. In this chapter, the authors discuss some of the work they have done and are doing to help users understand their information and device security and make informed, guided, and responsible decisions. This includes Device Comfort, Annoying Technologies, and Ten Commandments for designers and implementers of security and trust systems. This work is exploratory and unfinished (it should in fact never be finished), and this chapter presents a step along the way to better security users.

Publisher Summary The major central cholinergic systems include (1) the projection neurons of the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca (MS/DB) to the hippocampus; (2) the projection neurons of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) to the amygdala and cerebral cortex; (3) the inter-neurons of the striatum. Although the basal forebrain projection neurons have been implicated in learning and memory, and the striatal inter-neurons in motor behaviors, it still is not clear how and to what extent the central cholinergic neurons are involved in specific behaviors. Similarly, relatively little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate animal behaviors mediated by the central cholinergic systems. Although acetylcholine (ACh) was the first neurotransmitter discovered in the central nervous system, it remains unclear how the synthesis, storage, and release of ACh are regulated, or how ACh neurochemistry might be altered by environmental stimuli or synaptic experience, both of which would impact on cholinergically mediated behaviors. The central cholinergic systems are particularly dysfunctional in Alzheimer's disease. Thus, our animal research on the regulation of central cholinergic transmission and behavior has focused on the deficits in the systems associated with senescence and the potential amelioration of age-related deficits by the administration of the neurotrophic protein, nerve growth factor (NGF). This chapter describes the current understanding of the regional regulation of ACh synthesis and release in young and old rats, and illustrates several correlations between age-related and NGF-induced alterations in cholinergic neurochemistry, electrophysiology, morphology, and behavior.

It is by now well known that the elastic scattering data do not require the nucleon-nucleon potential to contain infinite or even strong finite repulsion at short distance. This was shown in the 1S0 state by Srivastava and Sprung1 who constructed a number of ‘super soft core’ potentials whose maximum repulsion ranged from 70 MeV to 260 MeV. A rough criterion for an SSC potential is that in nuclear matter the second order perturbation theory terms are 10 to 20% of the corresponding first order ones. At about the same time, Pires, de Tourreil and Gogny (PDG)2 presented a complete potential, choosing as radial form a sum of gaussians. Their intention was to fit not only the elastic scattering data, but also nuclear matter saturation properties and the radii of finite nuclei in the Hartree Fock approximation. Modest agreement with all three criteria was obtained, but at the expense of a high quality fit to phase shifts, especially in the singlet odd state.

This chapter provides cultural background for early Christian ritual through an overview of Roman sacra familiae (domestic rites). It offers representative examples from three main areas of domestic religious practice: (1) regular worship of the gods at household shrines; (2) rites de passage or lifecycle rituals, as illustrated by a freeborn boy’s coming of age ceremony; and (3) annual festivals concerned with interactions between freeborn and slave members of the household, and relations between the living and the dead as demonstrated by the commemorative Parentalia festival. These rituals reveal the importance of prayer and sacrifice as key means of communicating with the gods and securing their favour, and the principle of reciprocity which was a cornerstone of Roman religion. Sacra familiae helped to cultivate core social values and unite the household’s diverse membership in a community of worshippers who shared a sense of common identity predicated upon long-standing traditions and beliefs.

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the life cycle of Philonema oncorhynchi from anadromous hosts. In a study described in the chapter, the life cycle of Vhilonema oncorhynchi was studied in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, from Cultus Lake, British Columbia. Gravid female worms from the coelom of spawning female fish were placed in lake water where they burst releasing living first stage larvae. They were ingested by Cyclops bicuspidatus and developed to a sheathed second larval stage in 17 days at 12°C or 25 days at 8°C. Two types were found. One type was shorter than the first-stage larvae and designated the early second-stage larva, while the second was equivalent in length to the first-stage larvae but had a muscular and glandular esophagus, and, therefore, was designated the late second-stage larva. The third-stage larvae were found in infected copepods after 17 days at 12°C, and 70 days at 8°C. The larvae were not sheated, and the glandular esophagus was a prominent structure, occupying one-half the length of the third-stage larva.

Equality constraints partition logical variables into coreference classes, each of which denotes an individual (which may be unspecified or partially specified) in a domain of discourse. These classes, however, are unrelated to each other. We propose reference constraints as a generalization of equality constraints, allowing the specification of a partial ordering among coreference classes. This leads to the notion of individual level inheritance, where an individual denoted by a variable may inherit properties from another individual which is denoted by a subsuming variable in the partial order. A variety of systems, especially systems reasoning in ambiguous domains, would benefit from an efficient, formally based implementation of reference constraints and individual level inheritance.

Mercury and cinnabar have been known and used by man for nearly three milleniums. Man has used vermillion or cinnabar as a pigment or cosmetic since prehistoric times. The first written account of the use of mercury was by Aristotle in the 4th century B.C. when he mentioned its use in religious ceremonies. The great Arab physicians used mercury compounds as medicine as early as the 6th century B.C. (ENGEL 1967). Mercury compounds were also used as medicine by Dioscorides Pedanius, a Greek physician,in the 1st century B.C. and by Rhazes (852–932), Mesue (925–1015), and Avicenna (980–1037) for the treatment of various skin diseases. Paracelsus (1493–1541), the founder of modern chemotherapy, introduced the use of mercury for the treatment of syphilis. Some mercury compounds, both organic and inorganic, are still being used effectively and safely to treat various infections and disorders.

Web server log analyses usually analyze the pattern of the access. We believe that it is also very important to understand the goal of the access. In this paper, we propose to combine the log analysis with content analysis to identify information goals on individual accessed pages. We analyze the web server log to extract information goals on entry pages from anchor texts and query terms, and propagate them along users’ access paths to other linked pages. The experiment shows that our approach could find popular terms on web pages, temporal changes in these terms could reflect users’ interest shifts, and unexpected terms could sometimes indicate a design problem.

By discovering, uncovering, and making meaning of our experiences as teacher educators and preservice teachers, it is possible to begin to share ideas about the roles and practices of problem based learning in teacher education. The following chapters reflect the close relationships between colleagues and preservice teachers who are involved in a problem based learning (PBL) teacher education cohort at the University of British Columbia. Our writings point to some critical understandings, programmatic realities, and professional dispositions of problem based pedagogy as they pertain to the education of new teachers. For over a decade and a half, a group of teacher educators at the University of British Columbia in collaboration with many school partners have initiated, led, and guided a cohort of preservice teachers in their ongoing explorations. Over time what has evolved and continues to evolve is a teacher education curriculum that not only supports the knowledge needs of future teachers but one that offers meaningful opportunities for them to develop dispositions for inquiry, engage in collaborative learning, and exercise critical thinking, reflexive practice, and professional judgment.