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The origins and genomic diversity of American Civil War Era smallpox vaccine strains
Copyright policy )AbstractVaccination has transformed public health, most notably including the eradication of smallpox. Despite its profound historical importance, little is known of the origins and diversity of the viruses used in smallpox vaccination. Prior to the twentieth century, the method, source and origin of smallpox vaccinations remained unstandardised and opaque. We reconstruct and analyse viral vaccine genomes associated with smallpox vaccination from historical artefacts. Significantly, we recover viral molecules through non-destructive sampling of historical materials lacking signs of biological residues. We use the authenticated ancient genomes to reveal the evolutionary relationships of smallpox vaccination viruses within the poxviruses as a whole.
Microsoft Academic Graph classification: Smallpox vaccine Public health medicine.medical_specialty medicine Smallpox medicine.disease Diversity (politics) media_common.quotation_subject media_common Ancient DNA Vaccination Biology Viral Vaccine Spanish Civil War Ethnology
Medical Subject Headings: viruses complex mixtures virus diseases
Library of Congress Subject Headings: lcsh:Biology (General) lcsh:QH301-705.5 lcsh:Genetics lcsh:QH426-470
Humans, Vaccinia virus, Smallpox Vaccine, Vaccination, Genome, Viral, History, 19th Century, American Civil War, Genetic Variation, Metagenome, Smallpox, Ancient DNA, Humans, Vaccinia virus, Smallpox Vaccine, Vaccination, Genome, Viral, History, 19th Century, American Civil War, Genetic Variation, Metagenome, Short Report
Humans, Vaccinia virus, Smallpox Vaccine, Vaccination, Genome, Viral, History, 19th Century, American Civil War, Genetic Variation, Metagenome, Smallpox, Ancient DNA, Humans, Vaccinia virus, Smallpox Vaccine, Vaccination, Genome, Viral, History, 19th Century, American Civil War, Genetic Variation, Metagenome, Short Report
Microsoft Academic Graph classification: Smallpox vaccine Public health medicine.medical_specialty medicine Smallpox medicine.disease Diversity (politics) media_common.quotation_subject media_common Ancient DNA Vaccination Biology Viral Vaccine Spanish Civil War Ethnology
Medical Subject Headings: viruses complex mixtures virus diseases
Library of Congress Subject Headings: lcsh:Biology (General) lcsh:QH301-705.5 lcsh:Genetics lcsh:QH426-470
- University of Cambridge United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge United Kingdom
AbstractVaccination has transformed public health, most notably including the eradication of smallpox. Despite its profound historical importance, little is known of the origins and diversity of the viruses used in smallpox vaccination. Prior to the twentieth century, the method, source and origin of smallpox vaccinations remained unstandardised and opaque. We reconstruct and analyse viral vaccine genomes associated with smallpox vaccination from historical artefacts. Significantly, we recover viral molecules through non-destructive sampling of historical materials lacking signs of biological residues. We use the authenticated ancient genomes to reveal the evolutionary relationships of smallpox vaccination viruses within the poxviruses as a whole.